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<html lang="en"><head><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/><link href="/images/docs-stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/><title>Apache Tomcat 8 (8.5.32) - Realm Configuration HOW-TO</title><meta content="Craig R. McClanahan" name="author"/><meta content="Yoav Shapira" name="author"/><meta content="Andrew R. Jaquith" name="author"/><script data-comments-identifier="tomcat-8.5-doc/realm-howto" type="application/javascript">
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</script></head><body><div id="wrapper"><header><div id="header"><div><div><div class="logo noPrint"><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img alt="Tomcat Home" src="/images/tomcat.png"/></a></div><div style="height: 1px;"></div><div class="asfLogo noPrint"><a href="http://www.apache.org/" target="_blank"><img alt="The Apache Software Foundation" src="/images/asf-logo.svg" style="width: 266px; height: 83px;"/></a></div><h1>Apache Tomcat 8</h1><div class="versionInfo">
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Version 8.5.32,
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<time datetime="2018-06-20">Jun 20 2018</time></div><div style="height: 1px;"></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div></div></div></header><div id="middle"><div><div class="noprint" id="mainLeft"><div><nav><div><h2>Links</h2><ul><li><a href="/index.html">Docs Home</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="#comments_section">User Comments</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>User Guide</h2><ul><li><a href="/introduction.html">1) Introduction</a></li><li><a href="/setup.html">2) Setup</a></li><li><a href="/appdev/index.html">3) First webapp</a></li><li><a href="/deployer-howto.html">4) Deployer</a></li><li><a href="/manager-howto.html">5) Manager</a></li><li><a href="/host-manager-howto.html">6) Host Manager</a></li><li><a href="/realm-howto.html">7) Realms and AAA</a></li><li><a href="/security-manager-howto.html">8) Security Manager</a></li><li><a href="/jndi-resources-howto.html">9) JNDI Resources</a></li><li><a href="/jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">10) JDBC DataSources</a></li><li><a href="/class-loader-howto.html">11) Classloading</a></li><li><a href="/jasper-howto.html">12) JSPs</a></li><li><a href="/ssl-howto.html">13) SSL/TLS</a></li><li><a href="/ssi-howto.html">14) SSI</a></li><li><a href="/cgi-howto.html">15) CGI</a></li><li><a href="/proxy-howto.html">16) Proxy Support</a></li><li><a href="/mbeans-descriptors-howto.html">17) MBeans Descriptors</a></li><li><a href="/default-servlet.html">18) Default Servlet</a></li><li><a href="/cluster-howto.html">19) Clustering</a></li><li><a href="/balancer-howto.html">20) Load Balancer</a></li><li><a href="/connectors.html">21) Connectors</a></li><li><a href="/monitoring.html">22) Monitoring and Management</a></li><li><a href="/logging.html">23) Logging</a></li><li><a href="/apr.html">24) APR/Native</a></li><li><a href="/virtual-hosting-howto.html">25) Virtual Hosting</a></li><li><a href="/aio.html">26) Advanced IO</a></li><li><a href="/extras.html">27) Additional Components</a></li><li><a href="/maven-jars.html">28) Mavenized</a></li><li><a href="/security-howto.html">29) Security Considerations</a></li><li><a href="/windows-service-howto.html">30) Windows Service</a></li><li><a href="/windows-auth-howto.html">31) Windows Authentication</a></li><li><a href="/jdbc-pool.html">32) Tomcat's JDBC Pool</a></li><li><a href="/web-socket-howto.html">33) WebSocket</a></li><li><a href="/rewrite.html">34) Rewrite</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>Reference</h2><ul><li><a href="/RELEASE-NOTES.txt">Release Notes</a></li><li><a href="/config/index.html">Configuration</a></li><li><a href="/api/index.html">Tomcat Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="/servletapi/index.html">Servlet Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="/jspapi/index.html">JSP 2.3 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="/elapi/index.html">EL 3.0 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="/websocketapi/index.html">WebSocket 1.1 Javadocs</a></li><li><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/connectors-doc/">JK 1.2 Documentation</a></li></ul></div><div><h2>Apache Tomcat Development</h2><ul><li><a href="/building.html">Building</a></li><li><a href="/changelog.html">Changelog</a></li><li><a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/TomcatVersions">Status</a></li><li><a href="/developers.html">Developers</a></li><li><a href="/architecture/index.html">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/funcspecs/index.html">Functional Specs.</a></li><li><a href="/tribes/introduction.html">Tribes</a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div><div id="mainRight"><div id="content"><h2>Realm Configuration HOW-TO</h2><h3 id="Table_of_Contents">Table of Contents</h3><div class="text">
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<ul><li><a href="#Quick_Start">Quick Start</a></li><li><a href="#Overview">Overview</a><ol><li><a href="#What_is_a_Realm?">What is a Realm?</a></li><li><a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">Configuring a Realm</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Common_Features">Common Features</a><ol><li><a href="#Digested_Passwords">Digested Passwords</a></li><li><a href="#Example_Application">Example Application</a></li><li><a href="#Manager_Application">Manager Application</a></li><li><a href="#Realm_Logging">Realm Logging</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="#Standard_Realm_Implementations">Standard Realm Implementations</a><ol><li><a href="#JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</a></li><li><a href="#DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</a></li><li><a href="#JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</a></li><li><a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a></li><li><a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a></li><li><a href="#JAASRealm">JAASRealm</a></li><li><a href="#CombinedRealm">CombinedRealm</a></li><li><a href="#LockOutRealm">LockOutRealm</a></li></ol></li></ul>
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</div><h3 id="Quick_Start">Quick Start</h3><div class="text">
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<p>This document describes how to configure Tomcat to support <em>container
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managed security</em>, by connecting to an existing "database" of usernames,
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passwords, and user roles. You only need to care about this if you are using
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a web application that includes one or more
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<code><security-constraint></code> elements, and a
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<code><login-config></code> element defining how users are required
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to authenticate themselves. If you are not utilizing these features, you can
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safely skip this document.</p>
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<p>For fundamental background information about container managed security,
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see the <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/tomcat/Specifications">Servlet
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Specification (Version 2.4)</a>, Section 12.</p>
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<p>For information about utilizing the <em>Single Sign On</em> feature of
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Tomcat (allowing a user to authenticate themselves once across the entire
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set of web applications associated with a virtual host), see
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<a href="config/host.html#Single_Sign_On">here</a>.</p>
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</div><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><div class="text">
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<div class="subsection"><h4 id="What_is_a_Realm?">What is a Realm?</h4><div class="text">
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<p>A <strong>Realm</strong> is a "database" of usernames and passwords that
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identify valid users of a web application (or set of web applications), plus
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an enumeration of the list of <em>roles</em> associated with each valid user.
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You can think of roles as similar to <em>groups</em> in Unix-like operating
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systems, because access to specific web application resources is granted to
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all users possessing a particular role (rather than enumerating the list of
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associated usernames). A particular user can have any number of roles
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associated with their username.</p>
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<p>Although the Servlet Specification describes a portable mechanism for
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applications to <em>declare</em> their security requirements (in the
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<code>web.xml</code> deployment descriptor), there is no portable API
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defining the interface between a servlet container and the associated user
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and role information. In many cases, however, it is desirable to "connect"
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a servlet container to some existing authentication database or mechanism
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that already exists in the production environment. Therefore, Tomcat
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defines a Java interface (<code>org.apache.catalina.Realm</code>) that
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can be implemented by "plug in" components to establish this connection.
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Six standard plug-ins are provided, supporting connections to various
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sources of authentication information:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
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stored in a relational database, accessed via a JDBC driver.</li>
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<li><a href="#DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
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information stored in a relational database, accessed via a named JNDI
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JDBC DataSource.</li>
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<li><a href="#JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
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stored in an LDAP based directory server, accessed via a JNDI provider.
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</li>
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<li><a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
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information stored in an UserDatabase JNDI resource, which is typically
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backed by an XML document (<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>).</li>
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<li><a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a> - Accesses authentication
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information stored in an in-memory object collection, which is initialized
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from an XML document (<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>).</li>
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<li><a href="#JAASRealm">JAASRealm</a> - Accesses authentication information
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through the Java Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS)
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framework.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>It is also possible to write your own <code>Realm</code> implementation,
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and integrate it with Tomcat. To do so, you need to:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Implement <code>org.apache.catalina.Realm</code>,</li>
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<li>Place your compiled realm in $CATALINA_HOME/lib,</li>
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<li>Declare your realm as described in the "Configuring a Realm" section below,</li>
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<li>Declare your realm to the <a href="/mbeans-descriptors-howto.html">MBeans Descriptors</a>.</li>
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</ul>
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</div></div>
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<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Configuring_a_Realm">Configuring a Realm</h4><div class="text">
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<p>Before getting into the details of the standard Realm implementations, it is
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important to understand, in general terms, how a Realm is configured. In
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general, you will be adding an XML element to your <code>conf/server.xml</code>
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configuration file, that looks something like this:</p>
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<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="... class name for this implementation"
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... other attributes for this implementation .../></code></pre></div>
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<p>The <code><Realm></code> element can be nested inside any one of
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of the following <code>Container</code> elements. The location of the
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Realm element has a direct impact on the "scope" of that Realm
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(i.e. which web applications will share the same authentication information):
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li><em>Inside an <Engine> element</em> - This Realm will be shared
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across ALL web applications on ALL virtual hosts, UNLESS it is overridden
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by a Realm element nested inside a subordinate <code><Host></code>
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or <code><Context></code> element.</li>
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<li><em>Inside a <Host> element</em> - This Realm will be shared across
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ALL web applications for THIS virtual host, UNLESS it is overridden
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by a Realm element nested inside a subordinate <code><Context></code>
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element.</li>
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<li><em>Inside a <Context> element</em> - This Realm will be used ONLY
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for THIS web application.</li>
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</ul>
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</div></div>
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</div><h3 id="Common_Features">Common Features</h3><div class="text">
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<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Digested_Passwords">Digested Passwords</h4><div class="text">
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<p>For each of the standard <code>Realm</code> implementations, the
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user's password (by default) is stored in clear text. In many
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environments, this is undesirable because casual observers of the
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authentication data can collect enough information to log on
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successfully, and impersonate other users. To avoid this problem, the
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standard implementations support the concept of <em>digesting</em>
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user passwords. This allows the stored version of the passwords to be
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encoded (in a form that is not easily reversible), but that the
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<code>Realm</code> implementation can still utilize for
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authentication.</p>
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<p>When a standard realm authenticates by retrieving the stored
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password and comparing it with the value presented by the user, you
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can select digested passwords by placing a <a href="/config/credentialhandler.html">
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<code>CredentialHandler</code></a> element inside your <code><Realm></code>
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element. An easy choice to support one of the algorithms SSHA, SHA or MD5
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would be the usage of the <code>MessageDigestCredentialHandler</code>.
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This element must be configured to one of the digest algorithms supported
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by the <code>java.security.MessageDigest</code> class (SSHA, SHA or MD5).
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When you select this option, the contents of the password that is stored
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in the <code>Realm</code> must be the cleartext version of the password,
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as digested by the specified algorithm.</p>
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<p>When the <code>authenticate()</code> method of the Realm is called, the
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(cleartext) password specified by the user is itself digested by the same
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algorithm, and the result is compared with the value returned by the
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<code>Realm</code>. An equal match implies that the cleartext version of the
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original password is the same as the one presented by the user, so that this
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user should be authorized.</p>
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<p>To calculate the digested value of a cleartext password, two convenience
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techniques are supported:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>If you are writing an application that needs to calculate digested
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passwords dynamically, call the static <code>Digest()</code> method of the
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<code>org.apache.catalina.realm.RealmBase</code> class, passing the
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cleartext password, the digest algorithm name and the encoding as arguments.
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This method will return the digested password.</li>
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<li>If you want to execute a command line utility to calculate the digested
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password, simply execute
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<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>CATALINA_HOME/bin/digest.[bat|sh] -a {algorithm} {cleartext-password}</code></pre></div>
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and the digested version of this cleartext password will be returned to
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standard output.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>If using digested passwords with DIGEST authentication, the cleartext used
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to generate the digest is different and the digest must use one iteration of
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the MD5 algorithm with no salt. In the examples above
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<code>{cleartext-password}</code> must be replaced with
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<code>{username}:{realm}:{cleartext-password}</code>. For example, in a
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development environment this might take the form
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<code>testUser:Authentication required:testPassword</code>. The value for
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<code>{realm}</code> is taken from the <code><realm-name></code>
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element of the web application's <code><login-config></code>. If
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not specified in web.xml, the default value of <code>Authentication
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required</code> is used.</p>
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<p>Usernames and/or passwords using encodings other than the platform default
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are supported using</p>
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<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>CATALINA_HOME/bin/digest.[bat|sh] -a {algorithm} -e {encoding} {input}</code></pre></div>
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<p>but care is required to ensure that the input is correctly passed to the
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digester. The digester returns <code>{input}:{digest}</code>. If the input
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appears corrupted in the return, the digest will be invalid.</p>
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<p>The output format of the digest is <code>{salt}${iterations}${digest}</code>.
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If the salt length is zero and the iteration count is one, the output is
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simplified to <code>{digest}</code>.</p>
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<p>The full syntax of <code>CATALINA_HOME/bin/digest.[bat|sh]</code> is:</p>
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<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>CATALINA_HOME/bin/digest.[bat|sh] [-a <algorithm>] [-e <encoding>]
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[-i <iterations>] [-s <salt-length>] [-k <key-length>]
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[-h <handler-class-name>] <credentials>
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</code></pre></div>
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<ul>
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<li><b>-a</b> - The algorithm to use to generate the stored
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credential. If not specified, the default for the handler will
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be used. If neither handler nor algorithm is specified then a
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default of <code>SHA-512</code> will be used</li>
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<li><b>-e</b> - The encoding to use for any byte to/from character
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conversion that may be necessary. If not specified, the
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system encoding (<code>Charset#defaultCharset()</code>) will
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be used.</li>
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<li><b>-i</b> - The number of iterations to use when generating the
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stored credential. If not specified, the default for the
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CredentialHandler will be used.</li>
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<li><b>-s</b> - The length (in bytes) of salt to generate and store as
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part of the credential. If not specified, the default for
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the CredentialHandler will be used.</li>
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<li><b>-k</b> - The length (in bits) of the key(s), if any, created while
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generating the credential. If not specified, the default
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for the CredentialHandler will be used.</li>
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<li><b>-h</b> - The fully qualified class name of the CredentialHandler
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to use. If not specified, the built-in handlers will be
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tested in turn (MessageDigestCredentialHandler then
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SecretKeyCredentialHandler) and the first one to accept the
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specified algorithm will be used.</li>
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</ul>
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</div></div>
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<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Example_Application">Example Application</h4><div class="text">
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<p>The example application shipped with Tomcat includes an area that is
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protected by a security constraint, utilizing form-based login. To access it,
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point your browser at
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<a href="http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/security/protected/">http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/security/protected/</a>
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and log on with one of the usernames and passwords described for the default
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<a href="#UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</a>.</p>
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</div></div>
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<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Manager_Application">Manager Application</h4><div class="text">
|
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<p>If you wish to use the <a href="/manager-howto.html">Manager Application</a>
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to deploy and undeploy applications in a running Tomcat installation, you
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MUST add the "manager-gui" role to at least one username in your selected
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Realm implementation. This is because the manager web application itself uses a
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security constraint that requires role "manager-gui" to access ANY request URI
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within the HTML interface of that application.</p>
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<p>For security reasons, no username in the default Realm (i.e. using
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<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> is assigned the "manager-gui" role.
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Therefore, no one will be able to utilize the features of this application
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until the Tomcat administrator specifically assigns this role to one or more
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users.</p>
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</div></div>
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<div class="subsection"><h4 id="Realm_Logging">Realm Logging</h4><div class="text">
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|
<p>Debugging and exception messages logged by a <code>Realm</code> will
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be recorded by the logging configuration associated with the container
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|
for the realm: its surrounding <a href="/config/context.html">Context</a>,
|
|
<a href="/config/host.html">Host</a>, or
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|
<a href="/config/engine.html">Engine</a>.</p>
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</div></div>
|
|
</div><h3 id="Standard_Realm_Implementations">Standard Realm Implementations</h3><div class="text">
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="JDBCRealm">JDBCRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>JDBCRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
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|
<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in a relational database
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accessed via a JDBC driver. There is substantial configuration flexibility
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|
that lets you adapt to existing table and column names, as long as your
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|
database structure conforms to the following requirements:</p>
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|
<ul>
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|
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>users</em> table,
|
|
that contains one row for every valid user that this <code>Realm</code>
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should recognize.</li>
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<li>The <em>users</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
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|
contain more if your existing applications required it):
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<ul>
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<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.</li>
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<li>Password to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.
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This value may in cleartext or digested - see below for more
|
|
information.</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>user roles</em> table,
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that contains one row for every valid role that is assigned to a
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particular user. It is legal for a user to have zero, one, or more than
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one valid role.</li>
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<li>The <em>user roles</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
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contain more if your existing applications required it):
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat (same value as is specified
|
|
in the <em>users</em> table).</li>
|
|
<li>Role name of a valid role associated with this user.</li>
|
|
</ul></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h5>Quick Start</h5>
|
|
<p>To set up Tomcat to use JDBCRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>If you have not yet done so, create tables and columns in your database
|
|
that conform to the requirements described above.</li>
|
|
<li>Configure a database username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
|
|
at least read only access to the tables described above. (Tomcat will
|
|
never attempt to write to these tables.)</li>
|
|
<li>Place a copy of the JDBC driver you will be using inside the
|
|
<code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code> directory.
|
|
Note that <strong>only</strong> JAR files are recognized!</li>
|
|
<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
|
|
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
|
|
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure JDBCRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
|
|
as described <a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
|
|
JDBCRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a> configuration
|
|
documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>An example SQL script to create the needed tables might look something
|
|
like this (adapt the syntax as required for your particular database):</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>create table users (
|
|
user_name varchar(15) not null primary key,
|
|
user_pass varchar(15) not null
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
create table user_roles (
|
|
user_name varchar(15) not null,
|
|
role_name varchar(15) not null,
|
|
primary key (user_name, role_name)
|
|
);</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Example <code>Realm</code> elements are included (commented out) in the
|
|
default <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file. Here's an example
|
|
for using a MySQL database called "authority", configured with the tables
|
|
described above, and accessed with username "dbuser" and password "dbpass":</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JDBCRealm"
|
|
driverName="org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"
|
|
connectionURL="jdbc:mysql://localhost/authority?user=dbuser&amp;password=dbpass"
|
|
userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
|
|
userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/></code></pre></div>
|
|
<h5>Additional Notes</h5>
|
|
<p>JDBCRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
|
|
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
|
|
<code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the database
|
|
directly (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
|
|
reflected.</li>
|
|
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
|
|
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
|
|
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
|
|
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
|
|
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
|
|
restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the database
|
|
information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
|
|
reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
|
|
<li>Administering the information in the <em>users</em> and <em>user roles</em>
|
|
table is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
|
|
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="DataSourceRealm">DataSourceRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>DataSourceRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
|
|
<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in a relational database
|
|
accessed via a JNDI named JDBC DataSource. There is substantial configuration
|
|
flexibility that lets you adapt to existing table and column names, as long
|
|
as your database structure conforms to the following requirements:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>users</em> table,
|
|
that contains one row for every valid user that this <code>Realm</code>
|
|
should recognize.</li>
|
|
<li>The <em>users</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
|
|
contain more if your existing applications required it):
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.</li>
|
|
<li>Password to be recognized by Tomcat when the user logs in.
|
|
This value may in cleartext or digested - see below for more
|
|
information.</li>
|
|
</ul></li>
|
|
<li>There must be a table, referenced below as the <em>user roles</em> table,
|
|
that contains one row for every valid role that is assigned to a
|
|
particular user. It is legal for a user to have zero, one, or more than
|
|
one valid role.</li>
|
|
<li>The <em>user roles</em> table must contain at least two columns (it may
|
|
contain more if your existing applications required it):
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Username to be recognized by Tomcat (same value as is specified
|
|
in the <em>users</em> table).</li>
|
|
<li>Role name of a valid role associated with this user.</li>
|
|
</ul></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h5>Quick Start</h5>
|
|
<p>To set up Tomcat to use DataSourceRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>If you have not yet done so, create tables and columns in your database
|
|
that conform to the requirements described above.</li>
|
|
<li>Configure a database username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
|
|
at least read only access to the tables described above. (Tomcat will
|
|
never attempt to write to these tables.)</li>
|
|
<li>Configure a JNDI named JDBC DataSource for your database. Refer to the
|
|
<a href="/jndi-datasource-examples-howto.html">JNDI DataSource Example
|
|
HOW-TO</a> for information on how to configure a JNDI named JDBC DataSource.
|
|
Be sure to set the <code>Realm</code>'s <code>localDataSource</code>
|
|
attribute appropriately, depending on where the JNDI DataSource is
|
|
defined.</li>
|
|
<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
|
|
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
|
|
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure DataSourceRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
|
|
as described <a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
|
|
DataSourceRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a>
|
|
configuration documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>An example SQL script to create the needed tables might look something
|
|
like this (adapt the syntax as required for your particular database):</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>create table users (
|
|
user_name varchar(15) not null primary key,
|
|
user_pass varchar(15) not null
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
create table user_roles (
|
|
user_name varchar(15) not null,
|
|
role_name varchar(15) not null,
|
|
primary key (user_name, role_name)
|
|
);</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Here is an example for using a MySQL database called "authority", configured
|
|
with the tables described above, and accessed with the JNDI JDBC DataSource with
|
|
name "java:/comp/env/jdbc/authority".</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm"
|
|
dataSourceName="jdbc/authority"
|
|
userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
|
|
userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/></code></pre></div>
|
|
<h5>Additional Notes</h5>
|
|
<p>DataSourceRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
|
|
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
|
|
<code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the database
|
|
directly (new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
|
|
reflected.</li>
|
|
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
|
|
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
|
|
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
|
|
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
|
|
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
|
|
restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the database
|
|
information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
|
|
reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
|
|
<li>Administering the information in the <em>users</em> and <em>user roles</em>
|
|
table is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
|
|
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="JNDIRealm">JNDIRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>JNDIRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
|
|
<code>Realm</code> interface that looks up users in an LDAP directory
|
|
server accessed by a JNDI provider (typically, the standard LDAP
|
|
provider that is available with the JNDI API classes). The realm
|
|
supports a variety of approaches to using a directory for
|
|
authentication.</p>
|
|
<h6>Connecting to the directory</h6>
|
|
<p>The realm's connection to the directory is defined by the
|
|
<strong>connectionURL</strong> configuration attribute. This is a URL
|
|
whose format is defined by the JNDI provider. It is usually an LDAP
|
|
URL that specifies the domain name of the directory server to connect
|
|
to, and optionally the port number and distinguished name (DN) of the
|
|
required root naming context.</p>
|
|
<p>If you have more than one provider you can configure an
|
|
<strong>alternateURL</strong>. If a socket connection cannot be
|
|
made to the provider at the <strong>connectionURL</strong> an
|
|
attempt will be made to use the <strong>alternateURL</strong>.</p>
|
|
<p>When making a connection in order to search the directory and
|
|
retrieve user and role information, the realm authenticates itself to
|
|
the directory with the username and password specified by the
|
|
<strong>connectionName</strong> and
|
|
<strong>connectionPassword</strong> properties. If these properties
|
|
are not specified the connection is anonymous. This is sufficient in
|
|
many cases.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h6>Selecting the user's directory entry</h6>
|
|
<p>Each user that can be authenticated must be represented in the
|
|
directory by an individual entry that corresponds to an element in the
|
|
initial <code>DirContext</code> defined by the
|
|
<strong>connectionURL</strong> attribute. This user entry must have an
|
|
attribute containing the username that is presented for
|
|
authentication.</p>
|
|
<p>Often the distinguished name of the user's entry contains the
|
|
username presented for authentication but is otherwise the same for
|
|
all users. In this case the <strong>userPattern</strong> attribute may
|
|
be used to specify the DN, with "{0}" marking where
|
|
the username should be substituted.</p>
|
|
<p>Otherwise the realm must search the directory to find a unique entry
|
|
containing the username. The following attributes configure this
|
|
search:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>userBase</strong> - the entry that is the base of
|
|
the subtree containing users. If not specified, the search
|
|
base is the top-level context.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>userSubtree</strong> - the search scope. Set to
|
|
<code>true</code> if you wish to search the entire subtree
|
|
rooted at the <strong>userBase</strong> entry. The default value
|
|
of <code>false</code> requests a single-level search
|
|
including only the top level.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>userSearch</strong> - pattern specifying the LDAP
|
|
search filter to use after substitution of the username.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h6>Authenticating the user</h6>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><b>Bind mode</b></p>
|
|
<p>By default the realm authenticates a user by binding to
|
|
the directory with the DN of the entry for that user and the password
|
|
presented by the user. If this simple bind succeeds the user is considered to
|
|
be authenticated.</p>
|
|
<p>For security reasons a directory may store a digest of the user's
|
|
password rather than the clear text version (see
|
|
<a href="#Digested_Passwords">Digested Passwords</a> for more information). In that case,
|
|
as part of the simple bind operation the directory automatically
|
|
computes the correct digest of the plaintext password presented by the
|
|
user before validating it against the stored value. In bind mode,
|
|
therefore, the realm is not involved in digest processing. The
|
|
<strong>digest</strong> attribute is not used, and will be ignored if
|
|
set.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><b>Comparison mode</b></p>
|
|
<p>Alternatively, the realm may retrieve the stored
|
|
password from the directory and compare it explicitly with the value
|
|
presented by the user. This mode is configured by setting the
|
|
<strong>userPassword</strong> attribute to the name of a directory
|
|
attribute in the user's entry that contains the password.</p>
|
|
<p>Comparison mode has some disadvantages. First, the
|
|
<strong>connectionName</strong> and
|
|
<strong>connectionPassword</strong> attributes must be configured to
|
|
allow the realm to read users' passwords in the directory. For
|
|
security reasons this is generally undesirable; indeed many directory
|
|
implementations will not allow even the directory manager to read
|
|
these passwords. In addition, the realm must handle password digests
|
|
itself, including variations in the algorithms used and ways of
|
|
representing password hashes in the directory. However, the realm may
|
|
sometimes need access to the stored password, for example to support
|
|
HTTP Digest Access Authentication (RFC 2069). (Note that HTTP digest
|
|
authentication is different from the storage of password digests in
|
|
the repository for user information as discussed above).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h6>Assigning roles to the user</h6>
|
|
<p>The directory realm supports two approaches to the representation
|
|
of roles in the directory:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><b>Roles as explicit directory entries</b></p>
|
|
<p>Roles may be represented by explicit directory entries. A role
|
|
entry is usually an LDAP group entry with one attribute
|
|
containing the name of the role and another whose values are the
|
|
distinguished names or usernames of the users in that role. The
|
|
following attributes configure a directory search to
|
|
find the names of roles associated with the authenticated user:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>roleBase</strong> - the base entry for the role search.
|
|
If not specified, the search base is the top-level directory
|
|
context.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>roleSubtree</strong> - the search
|
|
scope. Set to <code>true</code> if you wish to search the entire
|
|
subtree rooted at the <code>roleBase</code> entry. The default
|
|
value of <code>false</code> requests a single-level search
|
|
including the top level only.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>roleSearch</strong> - the LDAP search filter for
|
|
selecting role entries. It optionally includes pattern
|
|
replacements "{0}" for the distinguished name and/or "{1}" for the
|
|
username and/or "{2}" for an attribute from user's directory entry,
|
|
of the authenticated user. Use <strong>userRoleAttribute</strong> to
|
|
specify the name of the attribute that provides the value for "{2}".</li>
|
|
<li><strong>roleName</strong> - the attribute in a role entry
|
|
containing the name of that role.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>roleNested</strong> - enable nested roles. Set to
|
|
<code>true</code> if you want to nest roles in roles. If configured, then
|
|
every newly found roleName and distinguished
|
|
Name will be recursively tried for a new role search.
|
|
The default value is <code>false</code>.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><b>Roles as an attribute of the user entry</b></p>
|
|
<p>Role names may also be held as the values of an attribute in the
|
|
user's directory entry. Use <strong>userRoleName</strong> to specify
|
|
the name of this attribute.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>A combination of both approaches to role representation may be used.</p>
|
|
<h5>Quick Start</h5>
|
|
<p>To set up Tomcat to use JNDIRealm, you will need to follow these steps:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Make sure your directory server is configured with a schema that matches
|
|
the requirements listed above.</li>
|
|
<li>If required, configure a username and password for use by Tomcat, that has
|
|
read only access to the information described above. (Tomcat will
|
|
never attempt to modify this information.)</li>
|
|
<li>Set up a <code><Realm></code> element, as described below, in your
|
|
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file.</li>
|
|
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure JNDIRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
|
|
as described <a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
|
|
JNDIRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a> configuration
|
|
documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>Creation of the appropriate schema in your directory server is beyond the
|
|
scope of this document, because it is unique to each directory server
|
|
implementation. In the examples below, we will assume that you are using a
|
|
distribution of the OpenLDAP directory server (version 2.0.11 or later), which
|
|
can be downloaded from
|
|
<a href="http://www.openldap.org">http://www.openldap.org</a>. Assume that
|
|
your <code>slapd.conf</code> file contains the following settings
|
|
(among others):</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>database ldbm
|
|
suffix dc="mycompany",dc="com"
|
|
rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
rootpw secret</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>We will assume for <code>connectionURL</code> that the directory
|
|
server runs on the same machine as Tomcat. See <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/jndi/index.html">
|
|
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/jndi/index.html</a>
|
|
for more information about configuring and using the JNDI LDAP
|
|
provider.</p>
|
|
<p>Next, assume that this directory server has been populated with elements
|
|
as shown below (in LDIF format):</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code># Define top-level entry
|
|
dn: dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: dcObject
|
|
dc:mycompany
|
|
|
|
# Define an entry to contain people
|
|
# searches for users are based on this entry
|
|
dn: ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: organizationalUnit
|
|
ou: people
|
|
|
|
# Define a user entry for Janet Jones
|
|
dn: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
|
|
uid: jjones
|
|
sn: jones
|
|
cn: janet jones
|
|
mail: j.jones@mycompany.com
|
|
userPassword: janet
|
|
|
|
# Define a user entry for Fred Bloggs
|
|
dn: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
|
|
uid: fbloggs
|
|
sn: bloggs
|
|
cn: fred bloggs
|
|
mail: f.bloggs@mycompany.com
|
|
userPassword: fred
|
|
|
|
# Define an entry to contain LDAP groups
|
|
# searches for roles are based on this entry
|
|
dn: ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: organizationalUnit
|
|
ou: groups
|
|
|
|
# Define an entry for the "tomcat" role
|
|
dn: cn=tomcat,ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames
|
|
cn: tomcat
|
|
uniqueMember: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
uniqueMember: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
|
|
# Define an entry for the "role1" role
|
|
dn: cn=role1,ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: groupOfUniqueNames
|
|
cn: role1
|
|
uniqueMember: uid=fbloggs,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>An example <code>Realm</code> element for the OpenLDAP directory
|
|
server configured as described above might look like this, assuming
|
|
that users use their uid (e.g. jjones) to login to the
|
|
application and that an anonymous connection is sufficient to search
|
|
the directory and retrieve role information:</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
|
|
connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
|
|
userPattern="uid={0},ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
roleName="cn"
|
|
roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
|
|
/></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>With this configuration, the realm will determine the user's
|
|
distinguished name by substituting the username into the
|
|
<code>userPattern</code>, authenticate by binding to the directory
|
|
with this DN and the password received from the user, and search the
|
|
directory to find the user's roles.</p>
|
|
<p>Now suppose that users are expected to enter their email address
|
|
rather than their userid when logging in. In this case the realm must
|
|
search the directory for the user's entry. (A search is also necessary
|
|
when user entries are held in multiple subtrees corresponding perhaps
|
|
to different organizational units or company locations).</p>
|
|
<p>Further, suppose that in addition to the group entries you want to
|
|
use an attribute of the user's entry to hold roles. Now the entry for
|
|
Janet Jones might read as follows:</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code>dn: uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com
|
|
objectClass: inetOrgPerson
|
|
uid: jjones
|
|
sn: jones
|
|
cn: janet jones
|
|
mail: j.jones@mycompany.com
|
|
memberOf: role2
|
|
memberOf: role3
|
|
userPassword: janet</code></pre></div>
|
|
<p> This realm configuration would satisfy the new requirements:</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
|
|
connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
|
|
userBase="ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
userSearch="(mail={0})"
|
|
userRoleName="memberOf"
|
|
roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
roleName="cn"
|
|
roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
|
|
/></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>Now when Janet Jones logs in as "j.jones@mycompany.com", the realm
|
|
searches the directory for a unique entry with that value as its mail
|
|
attribute and attempts to bind to the directory as
|
|
<code>uid=jjones,ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com</code> with the given
|
|
password. If authentication succeeds, she is assigned three roles:
|
|
"role2" and "role3", the values of the "memberOf" attribute in her
|
|
directory entry, and "tomcat", the value of the "cn" attribute in the
|
|
only group entry of which she is a member.</p>
|
|
<p>Finally, to authenticate the user by retrieving
|
|
the password from the directory and making a local comparison in the
|
|
realm, you might use a realm configuration like this:</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JNDIRealm"
|
|
connectionName="cn=Manager,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
connectionPassword="secret"
|
|
connectionURL="ldap://localhost:389"
|
|
userPassword="userPassword"
|
|
userPattern="uid={0},ou=people,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
roleBase="ou=groups,dc=mycompany,dc=com"
|
|
roleName="cn"
|
|
roleSearch="(uniqueMember={0})"
|
|
/></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>However, as discussed above, the default bind mode for
|
|
authentication is usually to be preferred.</p>
|
|
<h5>Additional Notes</h5>
|
|
<p>JNDIRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
|
|
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
|
|
<code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made to the directory
|
|
(new users, changed passwords or roles, etc.) will be immediately
|
|
reflected.</li>
|
|
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
|
|
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
|
|
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
|
|
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
|
|
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
|
|
restored across sessions serialisations. Any changes to the directory
|
|
information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong> be
|
|
reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
|
|
<li>Administering the information in the directory server
|
|
is the responsibility of your own applications. Tomcat does not
|
|
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="UserDatabaseRealm">UserDatabaseRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>UserDatabaseRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
|
|
<code>Realm</code> interface that uses a JNDI resource to store user
|
|
information. By default, the JNDI resource is backed by an XML file. It is not
|
|
designed for large-scale production use. At startup time, the UserDatabaseRealm
|
|
loads information about all users, and their corresponding roles, from an XML
|
|
document (by default, this document is loaded from
|
|
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>). The users, their passwords
|
|
and their roles may all be editing dynamically, typically via JMX. Changes may
|
|
be saved and will be reflected in the XML file.</p>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure UserDatabaseRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
|
|
as described <a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
|
|
UserDatabaseRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a>
|
|
configuration documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>User File Format</h5>
|
|
<p>The users file uses the same format as the
|
|
<a href="#MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</a>.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>The default installation of Tomcat is configured with a UserDatabaseRealm
|
|
nested inside the <code><Engine></code> element, so that it applies
|
|
to all virtual hosts and web applications. The default contents of the
|
|
<code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> file is:</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><tomcat-users>
|
|
<user username="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat" />
|
|
<user username="role1" password="tomcat" roles="role1" />
|
|
<user username="both" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat,role1" />
|
|
</tomcat-users></code></pre></div>
|
|
<h5>Additional Notes</h5>
|
|
<p>UserDatabaseRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>When Tomcat first starts up, it loads all defined users and their
|
|
associated information from the users file. Changes made to the data in
|
|
this file will <strong>not</strong> be recognized until Tomcat is
|
|
restarted. Changes may be made via the UserDatabase resource. Tomcat
|
|
provides MBeans that may be accessed via JMX for this purpose.</li>
|
|
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
|
|
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
|
|
<code>Realm</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
|
|
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
|
|
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
|
|
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
|
|
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
|
|
restored across sessions serialisations.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="MemoryRealm">MemoryRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>MemoryRealm</strong> is a simple demonstration implementation of the
|
|
Tomcat <code>Realm</code> interface. It is not designed for production use.
|
|
At startup time, MemoryRealm loads information about all users, and their
|
|
corresponding roles, from an XML document (by default, this document is loaded
|
|
from <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/tomcat-users.xml</code>). Changes to the data
|
|
in this file are not recognized until Tomcat is restarted.</p>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure MemoryRealm, you will create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code> file,
|
|
as described <a href="#Configuring_a_Realm">above</a>. The attributes for the
|
|
MemoryRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a>
|
|
configuration documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>User File Format</h5>
|
|
<p>The users file (by default, <code>conf/tomcat-users.xml</code> must be an
|
|
XML document, with a root element <code><tomcat-users></code>. Nested
|
|
inside the root element will be a <code><user></code> element for each
|
|
valid user, consisting of the following attributes:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><strong>name</strong> - Username this user must log on with.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>password</strong> - Password this user must log on with (in
|
|
clear text if the <code>digest</code> attribute was not set on the
|
|
<code><Realm></code> element, or digested appropriately as
|
|
described <a href="#Digested_Passwords">here</a> otherwise).</li>
|
|
<li><strong>roles</strong> - Comma-delimited list of the role names
|
|
associated with this user.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h5>Additional Notes</h5>
|
|
<p>MemoryRealm operates according to the following rules:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>When Tomcat first starts up, it loads all defined users and their
|
|
associated information from the users file. Changes to the data in
|
|
this file will <strong>not</strong> be recognized until Tomcat is
|
|
restarted.</li>
|
|
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for the first time,
|
|
Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code> method of this
|
|
<code>Realm</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or her associated
|
|
roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of the user's login.
|
|
(For FORM-based authentication, that means until the session times out or
|
|
is invalidated; for BASIC authentication, that means until the user
|
|
closes their browser). The cached user is <strong>not</strong> saved and
|
|
restored across sessions serialisations.</li>
|
|
<li>Administering the information in the users file is the responsibility
|
|
of your application. Tomcat does not
|
|
provide any built-in capabilities to maintain users and roles.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="JAASRealm">JAASRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>JAASRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
|
|
<code>Realm</code> interface that authenticates users through the Java
|
|
Authentication & Authorization Service (JAAS) framework which is now
|
|
provided as part of the standard Java SE API.</p>
|
|
<p>Using JAASRealm gives the developer the ability to combine
|
|
practically any conceivable security realm with Tomcat's CMA. </p>
|
|
<p>JAASRealm is prototype for Tomcat of the JAAS-based
|
|
J2EE authentication framework for J2EE v1.4, based on the <a href="http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=196">JCP Specification
|
|
Request 196</a> to enhance container-managed security and promote
|
|
'pluggable' authentication mechanisms whose implementations would be
|
|
container-independent.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Based on the JAAS login module and principal (see <code>javax.security.auth.spi.LoginModule</code>
|
|
and <code>javax.security.Principal</code>), you can develop your own
|
|
security mechanism or wrap another third-party mechanism for
|
|
integration with the CMA as implemented by Tomcat.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h5>Quick Start</h5>
|
|
<p>To set up Tomcat to use JAASRealm with your own JAAS login module,
|
|
you will need to follow these steps:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Write your own LoginModule, User and Role classes based
|
|
on JAAS (see
|
|
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/jaas/tutorials/GeneralAcnOnly.html">
|
|
the JAAS Authentication Tutorial</a> and
|
|
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/jaas/JAASLMDevGuide.html">
|
|
the JAAS Login Module Developer's Guide</a>) to be managed by the JAAS Login
|
|
Context (<code>javax.security.auth.login.LoginContext</code>)
|
|
When developing your LoginModule, note that JAASRealm's built-in <code>CallbackHandler</code>
|
|
only recognizes the <code>NameCallback</code> and <code>PasswordCallback</code> at present.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>Although not specified in JAAS, you should create
|
|
separate classes to distinguish between users and roles, extending <code>javax.security.Principal</code>,
|
|
so that Tomcat can tell which Principals returned from your login
|
|
module are users and which are roles (see <code>org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm</code>).
|
|
Regardless, the first Principal returned is <em>always</em> treated as the user Principal.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>Place the compiled classes on Tomcat's classpath
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>Set up a login.config file for Java (see <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/jaas/tutorials/LoginConfigFile.html">
|
|
JAAS LoginConfig file</a>) and tell Tomcat where to find it by specifying
|
|
its location to the JVM, for instance by setting the environment
|
|
variable: <code>JAVA_OPTS=$JAVA_OPTS -Djava.security.auth.login.config==$CATALINA_BASE/conf/jaas.config</code></li>
|
|
<li>Configure your security-constraints in your web.xml for
|
|
the resources you want to protect</li>
|
|
<li>Configure the JAASRealm module in your server.xml </li>
|
|
<li>Restart Tomcat if it is already running.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure JAASRealm as for step 6 above, you create
|
|
a <code><Realm></code> element and nest it in your
|
|
<code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
|
|
file within your <code><Engine></code> node. The attributes for the
|
|
JAASRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a>
|
|
configuration documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look.</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.JAASRealm"
|
|
appName="MyFooRealm"
|
|
userClassNames="org.foobar.realm.FooUser"
|
|
roleClassNames="org.foobar.realm.FooRole"/></code></pre></div>
|
|
<p>It is the responsibility of your login module to create and save User and
|
|
Role objects representing Principals for the user
|
|
(<code>javax.security.auth.Subject</code>). If your login module doesn't
|
|
create a user object but also doesn't throw a login exception, then the
|
|
Tomcat CMA will break and you will be left at the
|
|
http://localhost:8080/myapp/j_security_check URI or at some other
|
|
unspecified location.</p>
|
|
<p>The flexibility of the JAAS approach is two-fold: </p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>you can carry out whatever processing you require behind
|
|
the scenes in your own login module.</li>
|
|
<li>you can plug in a completely different LoginModule by changing the configuration
|
|
and restarting the server, without any code changes to your application.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h5>Additional Notes</h5>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>When a user attempts to access a protected resource for
|
|
the first time, Tomcat will call the <code>authenticate()</code>
|
|
method of this <code>Realm</code>. Thus, any changes you have made in
|
|
the security mechanism directly (new users, changed passwords or
|
|
roles, etc.) will be immediately reflected.</li>
|
|
<li>Once a user has been authenticated, the user (and his or
|
|
her associated roles) are cached within Tomcat for the duration of
|
|
the user's login. For FORM-based authentication, that means until
|
|
the session times out or is invalidated; for BASIC authentication,
|
|
that means until the user closes their browser. Any changes to the
|
|
security information for an already authenticated user will <strong>not</strong>
|
|
be reflected until the next time that user logs on again.</li>
|
|
<li>As with other <code>Realm</code> implementations, digested passwords
|
|
are supported if the <code><Realm></code> element in <code>server.xml</code>
|
|
contains a <code>digest</code> attribute; JAASRealm's <code>CallbackHandler</code>
|
|
will digest the password prior to passing it back to the <code>LoginModule</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="CombinedRealm">CombinedRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>CombinedRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
|
|
<code>Realm</code> interface that authenticates users through one or more
|
|
sub-Realms.</p>
|
|
<p>Using CombinedRealm gives the developer the ability to combine multiple
|
|
Realms of the same or different types. This can be used to authenticate
|
|
against different sources, provide fall back in case one Realm fails or for
|
|
any other purpose that requires multiple Realms.</p>
|
|
<p>Sub-realms are defined by nesting <code>Realm</code> elements inside the
|
|
<code>Realm</code> element that defines the CombinedRealm. Authentication
|
|
will be attempted against each <code>Realm</code> in the order they are
|
|
listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
|
|
the user.</p>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure a CombinedRealm, you create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
|
|
file within your <code><Engine></code> or <code><Host></code>.
|
|
You can also nest inside a <code><Context></code> node in a
|
|
<code>context.xml</code> file.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look to use a
|
|
UserDatabase Realm and a DataSource Realm.</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.CombinedRealm" >
|
|
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
|
|
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
|
|
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.DataSourceRealm"
|
|
dataSourceName="jdbc/authority"
|
|
userTable="users" userNameCol="user_name" userCredCol="user_pass"
|
|
userRoleTable="user_roles" roleNameCol="role_name"/>
|
|
</Realm></code></pre></div>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="subsection"><h4 id="LockOutRealm">LockOutRealm</h4><div class="text">
|
|
<h5>Introduction</h5>
|
|
<p><strong>LockOutRealm</strong> is an implementation of the Tomcat
|
|
<code>Realm</code> interface that extends the CombinedRealm to provide lock
|
|
out functionality to provide a user lock out mechanism if there are too many
|
|
failed authentication attempts in a given period of time.</p>
|
|
<p>To ensure correct operation, there is a reasonable degree of
|
|
synchronisation in this Realm.</p>
|
|
<p>This Realm does not require modification to the underlying Realms or the
|
|
associated user storage mechanisms. It achieves this by recording all failed
|
|
logins, including those for users that do not exist. To prevent a DOS by
|
|
deliberating making requests with invalid users (and hence causing this
|
|
cache to grow) the size of the list of users that have failed authentication
|
|
is limited.</p>
|
|
<p>Sub-realms are defined by nesting <code>Realm</code> elements inside the
|
|
<code>Realm</code> element that defines the LockOutRealm. Authentication
|
|
will be attempted against each <code>Realm</code> in the order they are
|
|
listed. Authentication against any Realm will be sufficient to authenticate
|
|
the user.</p>
|
|
<h5>Realm Element Attributes</h5>
|
|
<p>To configure a LockOutRealm, you create a <code><Realm></code>
|
|
element and nest it in your <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml</code>
|
|
file within your <code><Engine></code> or <code><Host></code>.
|
|
You can also nest inside a <code><Context></code> node in a
|
|
<code>context.xml</code> file. The attributes for the
|
|
LockOutRealm are defined in the <a href="/config/realm.html">Realm</a>
|
|
configuration documentation.</p>
|
|
<h5>Example</h5>
|
|
<p>Here is an example of how your server.xml snippet should look to add lock out
|
|
functionality to a UserDatabase Realm.</p>
|
|
<div class="codeBox"><pre><code><Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm" >
|
|
<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
|
|
resourceName="UserDatabase"/>
|
|
</Realm></code></pre></div>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
</div><div class="noprint"><h3 id="comments_section">
|
|
Comments
|
|
</h3><div class="text"><p class="notice"><strong>Notice: </strong>This comments section collects your suggestions
|
|
on improving documentation for Apache Tomcat.<br/><br/>
|
|
If you have trouble and need help, read
|
|
<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/findhelp.html">Find Help</a> page
|
|
and ask your question on the tomcat-users
|
|
<a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/lists.html">mailing list</a>.
|
|
Do not ask such questions here. This is not a Q&A section.<br/><br/>
|
|
The Apache Comments System is explained <a href="/comments.html">here</a>.
|
|
Comments may be removed by our moderators if they are either
|
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implemented or considered invalid/off-topic.
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