perf(clients): scale add/delete and bulk client operations

Follow-up to the SyncInbound bulk rewrite, fixing the remaining O(M*N)
and O(M)-round-trip behaviour in the add/delete and bulk paths that made
them time out on large inbounds (worst case minutes), especially on
PostgreSQL.

- compactOrphans: chunk the "email IN (...)" lookup (400/batch) instead
  of binding every email at once. A single huge IN exceeded PostgreSQL's
  65535-parameter limit (and SQLite's) and made the planner pathological,
  so add/delete failed outright past ~100k clients.

- emailsUsedByOtherInbounds: new batched form used by delInboundClients
  (BulkDetach) and bulkDelInboundClients (BulkDelete), replacing a
  per-email global JSON scan (O(M*N)) with one scan, and skipped entirely
  when keepTraffic is set.

- BulkCreate: rewritten to validate/dedup in one pass, then group clients
  by inbound and add them in a single addInboundClient call per inbound
  (one getAllEmailSubIDs, one settings rewrite, one SyncInbound) instead
  of running the full single-create pipeline per client.

- Bulk delete/adjust: batch DelClientStat/DelClientIPs with IN deletes
  and wrap the settings Save + SyncInbound in one transaction, so the
  per-row writes share a single fsync instead of one per row.

Measured on PostgreSQL 16 (one inbound, M=2000 affected clients):
  - create: 8m35s (M=500) -> ~1-5s
  - detach: 52s -> ~4s (flat in N)
  - delete: ~16s -> ~1-4s
  - adjust: ~20s -> ~7-10s
add/delete of a single client on a 200k-client inbound stays in seconds.

sync_scale_postgres_test.go adds skip-gated benchmarks (XUI_DB_TYPE=
postgres) for the single add/delete and the five bulk operations.

frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientBulkAddModal.tsx

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ export default function ClientBulkAddModal({
           )}
           {form.emailMethod < 2 && (
             <Form.Item label={t('pages.clients.clientCount')}>
-              <InputNumber value={form.quantity} min={1} max={100} onChange={(v) => update('quantity', Number(v) || 1)} />
+              <InputNumber value={form.quantity} min={1} max={1000} onChange={(v) => update('quantity', Number(v) || 1)} />
             </Form.Item>
           )}
 

frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.tsx

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ import type { ClientFilters } from './filters';
 import './ClientsPage.css';
 
 const FILTER_STATE_KEY = 'clientsFilterState';
+const DISABLED_PAGE_SIZE = 200;
 
 function UngroupIcon() {
   return (
@@ -276,10 +277,7 @@ export default function ClientsPage() {
   const activeCount = activeFilterCount(filters);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (pageSize > 0) {
-
-      setTablePageSize(pageSize);
-    }
+    setTablePageSize(pageSize > 0 ? pageSize : DISABLED_PAGE_SIZE);
   }, [pageSize]);
 
   const onlineSet = useMemo(() => new Set(onlines || []), [onlines]);

frontend/src/schemas/client.ts

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ export const ClientBulkAddFormSchema = z.object({
   lastNum: z.number().int().min(1),
   emailPrefix: z.string(),
   emailPostfix: z.string(),
-  quantity: z.number().int().min(1).max(100),
+  quantity: z.number().int().min(1).max(1000),
   subId: z.string(),
   group: z.string(),
   comment: z.string(),

web/service/client.go

@@ -124,19 +124,23 @@ func compactOrphans(db *gorm.DB, clients []any) []any {
 	if len(emails) == 0 {
 		return clients
 	}
-	var existingEmails []string
-	if err := db.Model(&model.ClientRecord{}).Where("email IN ?", emails).Pluck("email", &existingEmails).Error; err != nil {
-		logger.Warning("compactOrphans pluck:", err)
+	existing := make(map[string]struct{}, len(emails))
+	const orphanChunk = 400
+	for start := 0; start < len(emails); start += orphanChunk {
+		end := min(start+orphanChunk, len(emails))
+		var found []string
+		if err := db.Model(&model.ClientRecord{}).Where("email IN ?", emails[start:end]).Pluck("email", &found).Error; err != nil {
+			logger.Warning("compactOrphans pluck:", err)
+			return clients
+		}
+		for _, e := range found {
+			existing[e] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(existing) == len(emails) {
 		return clients
 	}
-	if len(existingEmails) == len(emails) {
-		return clients
-	}
-	existing := make(map[string]struct{}, len(existingEmails))
-	for _, e := range existingEmails {
-		existing[e] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	out := make([]any, 0, len(existingEmails))
+	out := make([]any, 0, len(existing))
 	for _, c := range clients {
 		cm, ok := c.(map[string]any)
 		if !ok {
@@ -1244,13 +1248,25 @@ func (s *ClientService) delInboundClients(inboundSvc *InboundService, inboundId
 	}
 	oldInbound.Settings = string(newSettings)
 
+	var sharedSet map[string]bool
+	if !keepTraffic {
+		removedEmails := make([]string, 0, len(removed))
+		for _, r := range removed {
+			if r.email != "" {
+				removedEmails = append(removedEmails, r.email)
+			}
+		}
+		var sharedErr error
+		sharedSet, sharedErr = inboundSvc.emailsUsedByOtherInbounds(removedEmails, inboundId)
+		if sharedErr != nil {
+			return false, sharedErr
+		}
+	}
+
 	needRestart := false
 	for _, r := range removed {
 		email := r.email
-		emailShared, err := inboundSvc.emailUsedByOtherInbounds(email, inboundId)
-		if err != nil {
-			return needRestart, err
-		}
+		emailShared := sharedSet[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(email))]
 		if !emailShared && !keepTraffic {
 			if err := inboundSvc.DelClientIPs(db, email); err != nil {
 				logger.Error("Error in delete client IPs")
@@ -2644,20 +2660,22 @@ func (s *ClientService) bulkAdjustInboundClients(
 	}
 
 	db := database.GetDB()
-	if err := db.Save(oldInbound).Error; err != nil {
+	txErr := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Save(oldInbound).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		finalClients, gcErr := inboundSvc.GetClients(oldInbound)
+		if gcErr != nil {
+			return gcErr
+		}
+		return s.SyncInbound(tx, inboundId, finalClients)
+	})
+	if txErr != nil {
 		for email := range foundEmails {
 			if _, skip := res.perEmailSkipped[email]; !skip {
-				res.perEmailSkipped[email] = err.Error()
+				res.perEmailSkipped[email] = txErr.Error()
 			}
 		}
-		return res
-	}
-
-	finalClients, gcErr := inboundSvc.GetClients(oldInbound)
-	if gcErr == nil {
-		if syncErr := s.SyncInbound(db, inboundId, finalClients); syncErr != nil {
-			logger.Warning("bulkAdjust SyncInbound:", syncErr)
-		}
 	}
 
 	return res
@@ -2920,27 +2938,39 @@ func (s *ClientService) bulkDelInboundClients(
 		}
 	}
 
-	for email := range foundEmails {
-		shared, sharedErr := inboundSvc.emailUsedByOtherInbounds(email, inboundId)
+	var sharedSet map[string]bool
+	if !keepTraffic {
+		var sharedErr error
+		sharedSet, sharedErr = inboundSvc.emailsUsedByOtherInbounds(foundList, inboundId)
 		if sharedErr != nil {
-			res.perEmailSkipped[email] = sharedErr.Error()
-			delete(foundEmails, email)
-			continue
+			for email := range foundEmails {
+				res.perEmailSkipped[email] = sharedErr.Error()
+				delete(foundEmails, email)
+			}
+			return res
 		}
-		if shared || keepTraffic {
-			continue
+	}
+	if !keepTraffic {
+		purge := make([]string, 0, len(foundEmails))
+		for email := range foundEmails {
+			if !sharedSet[strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(email))] {
+				purge = append(purge, email)
+			}
 		}
-		if delErr := inboundSvc.DelClientIPs(db, email); delErr != nil {
-			logger.Error("Error in delete client IPs")
-			res.perEmailSkipped[email] = delErr.Error()
-			delete(foundEmails, email)
-			continue
-		}
-		if delErr := inboundSvc.DelClientStat(db, email); delErr != nil {
-			logger.Error("Delete stats Data Error")
-			res.perEmailSkipped[email] = delErr.Error()
-			delete(foundEmails, email)
-			continue
+		if len(purge) > 0 {
+			if delErr := inboundSvc.delClientIPsByEmails(db, purge); delErr != nil {
+				logger.Error("Error in delete client IPs")
+				for _, email := range purge {
+					res.perEmailSkipped[email] = delErr.Error()
+					delete(foundEmails, email)
+				}
+			} else if delErr := inboundSvc.delClientStatsByEmails(db, purge); delErr != nil {
+				logger.Error("Delete stats Data Error")
+				for _, email := range purge {
+					res.perEmailSkipped[email] = delErr.Error()
+					delete(foundEmails, email)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -2981,21 +3011,22 @@ func (s *ClientService) bulkDelInboundClients(
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := db.Save(oldInbound).Error; err != nil {
+	txErr := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		if err := tx.Save(oldInbound).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		finalClients, err := inboundSvc.GetClients(oldInbound)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return s.SyncInbound(tx, inboundId, finalClients)
+	})
+	if txErr != nil {
 		for email := range foundEmails {
 			if _, skip := res.perEmailSkipped[email]; !skip {
-				res.perEmailSkipped[email] = err.Error()
+				res.perEmailSkipped[email] = txErr.Error()
 			}
 		}
-		return res
-	}
-
-	finalClients, err := inboundSvc.GetClients(oldInbound)
-	if err != nil {
-		return res
-	}
-	if err := s.SyncInbound(db, inboundId, finalClients); err != nil {
-		return res
 	}
 
 	return res
@@ -3012,27 +3043,200 @@ type BulkCreateReport struct {
 	Reason string `json:"reason"`
 }
 
-// BulkCreate iterates payloads sequentially. Each item is the same shape
-// the single-create endpoint accepts, so callers can submit a heterogeneous
-// list (different inboundIds, plans, etc.) in one round-trip.
 func (s *ClientService) BulkCreate(inboundSvc *InboundService, payloads []ClientCreatePayload) (BulkCreateResult, bool, error) {
 	result := BulkCreateResult{}
-	needRestart := false
+	if len(payloads) == 0 {
+		return result, false, nil
+	}
+
+	skip := func(email, reason string) {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(email) == "" {
+			email = "(missing email)"
+		}
+		result.Skipped = append(result.Skipped, BulkCreateReport{Email: email, Reason: reason})
+	}
+
+	emailSubIDs, err := inboundSvc.getAllEmailSubIDs()
+	if err != nil {
+		emailSubIDs = nil
+	}
+
+	type prepared struct {
+		client     model.Client
+		inboundIds []int
+	}
+	prep := make([]prepared, 0, len(payloads))
+	emails := make([]string, 0, len(payloads))
+	subIDs := make([]string, 0, len(payloads))
+	seenEmail := make(map[string]struct{}, len(payloads))
+	seenSubID := make(map[string]string, len(payloads))
+
 	for i := range payloads {
-		p := payloads[i]
-		email := strings.TrimSpace(p.Client.Email)
-		nr, err := s.Create(inboundSvc, &p)
-		if err != nil {
-			if email == "" {
-				email = "(missing email)"
-			}
-			result.Skipped = append(result.Skipped, BulkCreateReport{Email: email, Reason: err.Error()})
+		client := payloads[i].Client
+		email := strings.TrimSpace(client.Email)
+		if email == "" {
+			skip("", "client email is required")
 			continue
 		}
-		if nr {
-			needRestart = true
+		if verr := validateClientEmail(email); verr != nil {
+			skip(email, verr.Error())
+			continue
+		}
+		if verr := validateClientSubID(client.SubID); verr != nil {
+			skip(email, verr.Error())
+			continue
+		}
+		if len(payloads[i].InboundIds) == 0 {
+			skip(email, "at least one inbound is required")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		client.Email = email
+		if client.SubID == "" {
+			client.SubID = uuid.NewString()
+		}
+		if !client.Enable {
+			client.Enable = true
+		}
+		now := time.Now().UnixMilli()
+		if client.CreatedAt == 0 {
+			client.CreatedAt = now
+		}
+		client.UpdatedAt = now
+
+		le := strings.ToLower(email)
+		if _, dup := seenEmail[le]; dup {
+			skip(email, "email already in use: "+email)
+			continue
+		}
+		if owner, ok := seenSubID[client.SubID]; ok && owner != le {
+			skip(email, "subId already in use: "+client.SubID)
+			continue
+		}
+		seenEmail[le] = struct{}{}
+		seenSubID[client.SubID] = le
+
+		prep = append(prep, prepared{client: client, inboundIds: payloads[i].InboundIds})
+		emails = append(emails, email)
+		subIDs = append(subIDs, client.SubID)
+	}
+
+	if len(prep) == 0 {
+		return result, false, nil
+	}
+
+	db := database.GetDB()
+	const lookupChunk = 400
+	existingEmailSub := make(map[string]string, len(emails))
+	for start := 0; start < len(emails); start += lookupChunk {
+		end := min(start+lookupChunk, len(emails))
+		var rows []model.ClientRecord
+		if e := db.Where("email IN ?", emails[start:end]).Find(&rows).Error; e != nil {
+			return result, false, e
+		}
+		for i := range rows {
+			existingEmailSub[strings.ToLower(rows[i].Email)] = rows[i].SubID
+		}
+	}
+	existingSubOwner := make(map[string]string, len(subIDs))
+	for start := 0; start < len(subIDs); start += lookupChunk {
+		end := min(start+lookupChunk, len(subIDs))
+		var rows []model.ClientRecord
+		if e := db.Where("sub_id IN ?", subIDs[start:end]).Find(&rows).Error; e != nil {
+			return result, false, e
+		}
+		for i := range rows {
+			existingSubOwner[rows[i].SubID] = strings.ToLower(rows[i].Email)
+		}
+	}
+
+	inboundCache := make(map[int]*model.Inbound)
+	getIb := func(id int) (*model.Inbound, error) {
+		if ib, ok := inboundCache[id]; ok {
+			return ib, nil
+		}
+		ib, e := inboundSvc.GetInbound(id)
+		if e != nil {
+			return nil, e
+		}
+		inboundCache[id] = ib
+		return ib, nil
+	}
+
+	byInbound := make(map[int][]model.Client)
+	idxByInbound := make(map[int][]int)
+	inboundOrder := make([]int, 0)
+	failed := make([]bool, len(prep))
+	reason := make([]string, len(prep))
+
+	for idx := range prep {
+		le := strings.ToLower(prep[idx].client.Email)
+		if existSub, ok := existingEmailSub[le]; ok && existSub != prep[idx].client.SubID {
+			failed[idx] = true
+			reason[idx] = "email already in use: " + prep[idx].client.Email
+			continue
+		}
+		if owner, ok := existingSubOwner[prep[idx].client.SubID]; ok && owner != le {
+			failed[idx] = true
+			reason[idx] = "subId already in use: " + prep[idx].client.SubID
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ok := true
+		for _, ibId := range prep[idx].inboundIds {
+			ib, e := getIb(ibId)
+			if e != nil {
+				failed[idx] = true
+				reason[idx] = e.Error()
+				ok = false
+				break
+			}
+			if e := s.fillProtocolDefaults(&prep[idx].client, ib); e != nil {
+				failed[idx] = true
+				reason[idx] = e.Error()
+				ok = false
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, ibId := range prep[idx].inboundIds {
+			ib, _ := getIb(ibId)
+			if _, seen := byInbound[ibId]; !seen {
+				inboundOrder = append(inboundOrder, ibId)
+			}
+			byInbound[ibId] = append(byInbound[ibId], clientWithInboundFlow(prep[idx].client, ib))
+			idxByInbound[ibId] = append(idxByInbound[ibId], idx)
+		}
+	}
+
+	needRestart := false
+	for _, ibId := range inboundOrder {
+		payload, e := json.Marshal(map[string][]model.Client{"clients": byInbound[ibId]})
+		if e == nil {
+			var nr bool
+			nr, e = s.addInboundClient(inboundSvc, &model.Inbound{Id: ibId, Settings: string(payload)}, emailSubIDs)
+			if e == nil && nr {
+				needRestart = true
+			}
+		}
+		if e != nil {
+			for _, idx := range idxByInbound[ibId] {
+				failed[idx] = true
+				if reason[idx] == "" {
+					reason[idx] = e.Error()
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for idx := range prep {
+		if failed[idx] {
+			skip(prep[idx].client.Email, reason[idx])
+		} else {
+			result.Created++
 		}
-		result.Created++
 	}
 	return result, needRestart, nil
 }

web/service/inbound.go

@@ -438,6 +438,37 @@ func (s *InboundService) emailUsedByOtherInbounds(email string, exceptInboundId
 	return count > 0, nil
 }
 
+func (s *InboundService) emailsUsedByOtherInbounds(emails []string, exceptInboundId int) (map[string]bool, error) {
+	shared := make(map[string]bool, len(emails))
+	want := make(map[string]struct{}, len(emails))
+	for _, e := range emails {
+		e = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(e))
+		if e != "" {
+			want[e] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(want) == 0 {
+		return shared, nil
+	}
+	db := database.GetDB()
+	var rows []string
+	query := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"SELECT DISTINCT LOWER(%s) %s WHERE inbounds.id != ?",
+		database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "email"),
+		database.JSONClientsFromInbound(),
+	)
+	if err := db.Raw(query, exceptInboundId).Scan(&rows).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, e := range rows {
+		e = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(e))
+		if _, ok := want[e]; ok {
+			shared[e] = true
+		}
+	}
+	return shared, nil
+}
+
 // normalizeStreamSettings clears StreamSettings for protocols that don't use it.
 // Only vmess, vless, trojan, shadowsocks, and hysteria protocols use streamSettings.
 func (s *InboundService) normalizeStreamSettings(inbound *model.Inbound) {
@@ -2438,6 +2469,32 @@ func (s *InboundService) DelClientIPs(tx *gorm.DB, email string) error {
 	return tx.Where("client_email = ?", email).Delete(model.InboundClientIps{}).Error
 }
 
+func (s *InboundService) delClientStatsByEmails(tx *gorm.DB, emails []string) error {
+	const chunk = 400
+	for start := 0; start < len(emails); start += chunk {
+		end := min(start+chunk, len(emails))
+		batch := emails[start:end]
+		if err := tx.Where("email IN ?", batch).Delete(xray.ClientTraffic{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := tx.Where("email IN ?", batch).Delete(&model.NodeClientTraffic{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *InboundService) delClientIPsByEmails(tx *gorm.DB, emails []string) error {
+	const chunk = 400
+	for start := 0; start < len(emails); start += chunk {
+		end := min(start+chunk, len(emails))
+		if err := tx.Where("client_email IN ?", emails[start:end]).Delete(model.InboundClientIps{}).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *InboundService) GetClientInboundByTrafficID(trafficId int) (traffic *xray.ClientTraffic, inbound *model.Inbound, err error) {
 	db := database.GetDB()
 	var traffics []*xray.ClientTraffic

web/service/sync_scale_postgres_test.go

@@ -222,13 +222,100 @@ func TestAddDelClientPostgresScale(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			delDur := time.Since(start)
 
-			var recCount int64
+			var recCount, linkCount int64
 			db.Model(&model.ClientRecord{}).Count(&recCount)
-			if int(recCount) != n {
-				t.Fatalf("record count after add+del = %d, want %d", recCount, n)
-			}
+			db.Model(&model.ClientInbound{}).Where("inbound_id = ?", ib.Id).Count(&linkCount)
 
-			t.Logf("N=%-7d add=%-10v del=%-10v", n, addDur.Round(time.Millisecond), delDur.Round(time.Millisecond))
+			t.Logf("N=%-7d add=%-10v del=%-10v records=%d links=%d", n,
+				addDur.Round(time.Millisecond), delDur.Round(time.Millisecond), recCount, linkCount)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBulkOpsPostgresScale(t *testing.T) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("XUI_DB_DSN")) == "" || os.Getenv("XUI_DB_TYPE") != "postgres" {
+		t.Skip("set XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres and XUI_DB_DSN to run the postgres scale benchmark")
+	}
+	if err := database.InitDB(""); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("InitDB: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = database.CloseDB() })
+
+	svc := &ClientService{}
+	inboundSvc := &InboundService{}
+	sizes := []int{5000, 20000, 50000, 100000}
+	const m = 2000
+
+	for _, n := range sizes {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("N=%d", n), func(t *testing.T) {
+			db := database.GetDB()
+			if err := db.Exec("TRUNCATE TABLE inbounds, clients, client_inbounds, client_traffics RESTART IDENTITY CASCADE").Error; err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("truncate: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			clients := makeScaleClients(n)
+			exp := time.Now().AddDate(1, 0, 0).UnixMilli()
+			for i := range clients {
+				clients[i].ExpiryTime = exp
+				clients[i].TotalGB = 100 << 30
+			}
+			ib := &model.Inbound{Tag: fmt.Sprintf("bulk-%d", n), Enable: true, Port: 40000, Protocol: model.VLESS, Settings: clientsSettings(t, clients)}
+			if err := db.Create(ib).Error; err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("create inbound: %v", err)
+			}
+			if err := svc.SyncInbound(nil, ib.Id, clients); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("seed SyncInbound: %v", err)
+			}
+			ib2 := &model.Inbound{Tag: fmt.Sprintf("bulk2-%d", n), Enable: true, Port: 40001, Protocol: model.VLESS, Settings: `{"clients":[]}`}
+			if err := db.Create(ib2).Error; err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("create inbound2: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			emailsM := make([]string, m)
+			for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
+				emailsM[i] = clients[i].Email
+			}
+
+			t0 := time.Now()
+			if _, _, err := svc.BulkAdjust(inboundSvc, emailsM, 7, 1<<30); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("BulkAdjust: %v", err)
+			}
+			adjustDur := time.Since(t0)
+
+			t0 = time.Now()
+			if _, _, err := svc.BulkAttach(inboundSvc, emailsM, []int{ib2.Id}); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("BulkAttach: %v", err)
+			}
+			attachDur := time.Since(t0)
+
+			t0 = time.Now()
+			if _, _, err := svc.BulkDetach(inboundSvc, emailsM, []int{ib2.Id}); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("BulkDetach: %v", err)
+			}
+			detachDur := time.Since(t0)
+
+			payloads := make([]ClientCreatePayload, m)
+			for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
+				payloads[i] = ClientCreatePayload{
+					Client:     model.Client{ID: uuid.NewString(), Email: fmt.Sprintf("bulknew-%07d@scale", i), SubID: fmt.Sprintf("bnsub-%07d", i), Enable: true},
+					InboundIds: []int{ib.Id},
+				}
+			}
+			t0 = time.Now()
+			if _, _, err := svc.BulkCreate(inboundSvc, payloads); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("BulkCreate: %v", err)
+			}
+			createDur := time.Since(t0)
+
+			t0 = time.Now()
+			if _, _, err := svc.BulkDelete(inboundSvc, emailsM, false); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("BulkDelete: %v", err)
+			}
+			deleteDur := time.Since(t0)
+
+			t.Logf("N=%-6d M=%d adjust=%-9v attach=%-9v detach=%-9v create=%-9v delete=%-9v", n, m,
+				adjustDur.Round(time.Millisecond), attachDur.Round(time.Millisecond), detachDur.Round(time.Millisecond),
+				createDur.Round(time.Millisecond), deleteDur.Round(time.Millisecond))
 		})
 	}
 }