feat(database): add PostgreSQL as an optional backend alongside SQLite

Lets operators with large client counts or multi-node setups pick PostgreSQL
at install time without breaking the existing SQLite default. Backend is
selected at runtime via XUI_DB_TYPE/XUI_DB_DSN, a small dialect layer keeps
the five JSON_EXTRACT/JSON_EACH queries portable, and a new `x-ui migrate-db`
subcommand copies SQLite data into PostgreSQL in FK-aware order.

Dockerfile

@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ RUN chmod +x \
   /usr/bin/x-ui
 
 ENV XUI_ENABLE_FAIL2BAN="true"
+# Database backend: set XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres and XUI_DB_DSN=postgres://... to use PostgreSQL.
+# Default (unset) is SQLite stored under /etc/x-ui.
+ENV XUI_DB_TYPE=""
+ENV XUI_DB_DSN=""
 EXPOSE 2053
 VOLUME [ "/etc/x-ui" ]
 CMD [ "./x-ui" ]

README.md

@@ -30,6 +30,38 @@ bash <(curl -Ls https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/master/install.
 
 For full documentation, please visit the [project Wiki](https://github.com/MHSanaei/3x-ui/wiki).
 
+## Database Options
+
+3X-UI supports two backends, chosen during the install:
+
+- **SQLite** (default) — a single file at `/etc/x-ui/x-ui.db`. Zero setup, ideal for small/medium deployments.
+- **PostgreSQL** — recommended for high client counts or multi-node setups. The installer can install PostgreSQL locally for you, or accept a DSN to an existing server.
+
+At runtime the backend is selected via env vars (the installer writes these to `/etc/default/x-ui` for you):
+
+```
+XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres
+XUI_DB_DSN=postgres://xui:password@127.0.0.1:5432/xui?sslmode=disable
+```
+
+### Migrating an existing SQLite install to PostgreSQL
+
+```bash
+x-ui migrate-db --dsn "postgres://xui:password@127.0.0.1:5432/xui?sslmode=disable"
+# then set XUI_DB_TYPE and XUI_DB_DSN in /etc/default/x-ui and restart:
+systemctl restart x-ui
+```
+
+The source SQLite file is left untouched; remove it manually once you have verified the new backend.
+
+### Docker
+
+The default `docker compose up -d` keeps using SQLite. To run with the bundled PostgreSQL service, uncomment the two `XUI_DB_*` env lines in `docker-compose.yml` and start with the profile:
+
+```bash
+docker compose --profile postgres up -d
+```
+
 ## A Special Thanks to
 
 - [alireza0](https://github.com/alireza0/)

config/config.go

@@ -100,6 +100,22 @@ func GetDBPath() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s.db", GetDBFolderPath(), GetName())
 }
 
+// GetDBKind returns the configured database backend: "sqlite" (default) or "postgres".
+func GetDBKind() string {
+	v := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("XUI_DB_TYPE")))
+	switch v {
+	case "postgres", "postgresql", "pg":
+		return "postgres"
+	default:
+		return "sqlite"
+	}
+}
+
+// GetDBDSN returns the PostgreSQL DSN from XUI_DB_DSN. Empty for sqlite.
+func GetDBDSN() string {
+	return strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("XUI_DB_DSN"))
+}
+
 // GetLogFolder returns the path to the log folder based on environment variables or platform defaults.
 func GetLogFolder() string {
 	logFolderPath := os.Getenv("XUI_LOG_FOLDER")

database/db.go

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Package database provides database initialization, migration, and management utilities
-// for the 3x-ui panel using GORM with SQLite.
+// for the 3x-ui panel using GORM with SQLite or PostgreSQL.
 package database
 
 import (
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/util/crypto"
 	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/xray"
 
+	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
 	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
@@ -26,6 +27,27 @@ import (
 
 var db *gorm.DB
 
+const (
+	DialectSQLite   = "sqlite"
+	DialectPostgres = "postgres"
+)
+
+// IsPostgres reports whether the active connection is a PostgreSQL backend.
+func IsPostgres() bool {
+	if db == nil {
+		return config.GetDBKind() == "postgres"
+	}
+	return db.Dialector.Name() == "postgres"
+}
+
+// Dialect returns the active GORM dialect name, or "" if the DB is not open.
+func Dialect() string {
+	if db == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return db.Dialector.Name()
+}
+
 const (
 	defaultUsername = "admin"
 	defaultPassword = "admin"
@@ -65,20 +87,25 @@ func isIgnorableDuplicateColumnErr(err error, mdl any) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	errMsg := strings.ToLower(err.Error())
-	const dupPrefix = "duplicate column name:"
+	// SQLite: "duplicate column name: foo"
-	if !strings.Contains(errMsg, dupPrefix) {
+	// Postgres: `pq: column "foo" of relation "bar" already exists` / `sqlstate 42701`
-		return false
+	const sqlitePrefix = "duplicate column name:"
+	if _, after, ok := strings.Cut(errMsg, sqlitePrefix); ok {
+		col := strings.TrimSpace(after)
+		col = strings.Trim(col, "`\"[]")
+		return col != "" && db != nil && db.Migrator().HasColumn(mdl, col)
 	}
-	_, after, ok := strings.Cut(errMsg, dupPrefix)
+	if strings.Contains(errMsg, "already exists") && strings.Contains(errMsg, "column ") {
-	if !ok {
+		// Best effort: extract the column name between the first pair of double quotes.
-		return false
+		if _, after, ok := strings.Cut(errMsg, "column \""); ok {
+			rest := after
+			if e := strings.Index(rest, "\""); e > 0 {
+				col := rest[:e]
+				return col != "" && db != nil && db.Migrator().HasColumn(mdl, col)
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	col := strings.TrimSpace(after)
+	return false
-	col = strings.Trim(col, "`\"[]")
-	if col == "" {
-		return false
-	}
-	return db != nil && db.Migrator().HasColumn(mdl, col)
 }
 
 // initUser creates a default admin user if the users table is empty.
@@ -281,43 +308,56 @@ func isTableEmpty(tableName string) (bool, error) {
 }
 
 // InitDB sets up the database connection, migrates models, and runs seeders.
+// When XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres, dbPath is ignored and XUI_DB_DSN is used instead.
 func InitDB(dbPath string) error {
-	dir := path.Dir(dbPath)
-	err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	var gormLogger logger.Interface
-
 	if config.IsDebug() {
 		gormLogger = logger.Default
 	} else {
 		gormLogger = logger.Discard
 	}
+	c := &gorm.Config{Logger: gormLogger}
 
-	c := &gorm.Config{
+	var err error
-		Logger: gormLogger,
+	switch config.GetDBKind() {
-	}
+	case "postgres":
-	dsn := dbPath + "?_journal_mode=WAL&_busy_timeout=10000&_synchronous=NORMAL&_txlock=immediate"
+		dsn := config.GetDBDSN()
-	db, err = gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(dsn), c)
+		if dsn == "" {
-	if err != nil {
+			return errors.New("XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres but XUI_DB_DSN is empty")
-		return err
+		}
+		db, err = gorm.Open(postgres.Open(dsn), c)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	default:
+		dir := path.Dir(dbPath)
+		if err = os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		dsn := dbPath + "?_journal_mode=WAL&_busy_timeout=10000&_synchronous=NORMAL&_txlock=immediate"
+		db, err = gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(dsn), c)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := sqlDB.Exec("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := sqlDB.Exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout=10000"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := sqlDB.Exec("PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
 	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if _, err := sqlDB.Exec("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if _, err := sqlDB.Exec("PRAGMA busy_timeout=10000"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if _, err := sqlDB.Exec("PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(8)
 	sqlDB.SetMaxIdleConns(4)
 	sqlDB.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)
@@ -370,13 +410,12 @@ func IsSQLiteDB(file io.ReaderAt) (bool, error) {
 }
 
 // Checkpoint performs a WAL checkpoint on the SQLite database to ensure data consistency.
+// No-op on PostgreSQL (WAL there is managed by the server).
 func Checkpoint() error {
-	// Update WAL
+	if IsPostgres() {
-	err := db.Exec("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint;").Error
+		return nil
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
 	}
-	return nil
+	return db.Exec("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint;").Error
 }
 
 // ValidateSQLiteDB opens the provided sqlite DB path with a throw-away connection

database/dialect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package database
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// JSONClientsFromInbound returns the FROM clause that yields one row per element
+// of inbounds.settings -> clients, with a column named `client.value` whose text
+// fields can be read with JSONFieldText("client.value", "<key>").
+func JSONClientsFromInbound() string {
+	if IsPostgres() {
+		return "FROM inbounds, jsonb_array_elements(inbounds.settings::jsonb -> 'clients') AS client(value)"
+	}
+	return "FROM inbounds, JSON_EACH(JSON_EXTRACT(inbounds.settings, '$.clients')) AS client"
+}
+
+// JSONFieldText returns a SQL expression that extracts the textual value of <key>
+// from a JSON expression. On both backends the result is the raw (unquoted) string,
+// so callers do NOT need to trim surrounding quotes.
+func JSONFieldText(expr, key string) string {
+	if IsPostgres() {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("(%s ->> '%s')", expr, key)
+	}
+	// SQLite's JSON_EXTRACT on a text value returns the JSON-encoded form
+	// (with surrounding quotes). Wrap it in json_extract(json_quote(...)) trick
+	// is fragile; simpler: unwrap quotes with TRIM(BOTH '"').
+	return fmt.Sprintf("TRIM(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, '$.%s'), '\"')", expr, key)
+}

database/migrate_data.go

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+package database
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"reflect"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/database/model"
+	"github.com/mhsanaei/3x-ui/v3/xray"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
+	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+)
+
+// migrationModels is the FK-aware order in which tables are created and copied.
+// Parents come before their children so foreign-key constraints stay satisfied
+// even when checks are not explicitly disabled.
+func migrationModels() []any {
+	return []any{
+		&model.User{},
+		&model.Setting{},
+		&model.HistoryOfSeeders{},
+		&model.CustomGeoResource{},
+		&model.Node{},
+		&model.ApiToken{},
+		&model.Inbound{},
+		&xray.ClientTraffic{},
+		&model.OutboundTraffics{},
+		&model.InboundClientIps{},
+		&model.ClientRecord{},
+		&model.ClientInbound{},
+		&model.InboundFallbackChild{},
+	}
+}
+
+// MigrateData copies every row from the configured SQLite file at srcPath into
+// a fresh PostgreSQL database described by dstDSN. The destination tables are
+// (re)created with AutoMigrate before the copy. Source data is left untouched.
+func MigrateData(srcPath, dstDSN string) error {
+	if _, err := os.Stat(srcPath); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("source sqlite not found at %s: %w", srcPath, err)
+	}
+	if dstDSN == "" {
+		return errors.New("destination DSN is required")
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(path.Dir(srcPath), 0755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	srcDSN := srcPath + "?_journal_mode=WAL&_busy_timeout=10000"
+	src, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(srcDSN), &gorm.Config{Logger: logger.Discard})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open sqlite source: %w", err)
+	}
+	srcSQL, err := src.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer srcSQL.Close()
+
+	dst, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(dstDSN), &gorm.Config{Logger: logger.Discard})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open postgres destination: %w", err)
+	}
+	dstSQL, err := dst.DB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer dstSQL.Close()
+	dstSQL.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)
+
+	log.Println("Creating destination schema...")
+	for _, m := range migrationModels() {
+		if err := dst.AutoMigrate(m); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("AutoMigrate %T: %w", m, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	totalRows := 0
+	for _, m := range migrationModels() {
+		n, err := copyTable(src, dst, m)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("copy %T: %w", m, err)
+		}
+		totalRows += n
+		log.Printf("  %-32s %d rows", reflect.TypeOf(m).Elem().Name(), n)
+	}
+
+	if err := resetPostgresSequences(dst); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("warning: failed to reset some postgres sequences: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("Migration complete: %d rows across %d tables.", totalRows, len(migrationModels()))
+	log.Println("Set XUI_DB_TYPE=postgres and XUI_DB_DSN=... in /etc/default/x-ui, then restart x-ui.")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// copyTable streams every row of `mdl` from src to dst in batches.
+func copyTable(src, dst *gorm.DB, mdl any) (int, error) {
+	sliceType := reflect.SliceOf(reflect.PointerTo(reflect.TypeOf(mdl).Elem()))
+	batchPtr := reflect.New(sliceType)
+	batchPtr.Elem().Set(reflect.MakeSlice(sliceType, 0, 0))
+
+	total := 0
+	err := src.Model(mdl).FindInBatches(batchPtr.Interface(), 500, func(tx *gorm.DB, _ int) error {
+		batch := batchPtr.Elem()
+		if batch.Len() == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if err := dst.CreateInBatches(batchPtr.Interface(), 200).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		total += batch.Len()
+		return nil
+	}).Error
+	return total, err
+}
+
+// resetPostgresSequences advances each table's id sequence past MAX(id),
+// otherwise the next INSERT-without-id would clash with copied rows.
+func resetPostgresSequences(dst *gorm.DB) error {
+	tables := []string{
+		"users", "inbounds", "outbound_traffics", "settings", "inbound_client_ips",
+		"client_traffics", "history_of_seeders", "custom_geo_resources", "nodes",
+		"api_tokens", "client_records", "client_inbounds", "inbound_fallback_children",
+	}
+	for _, t := range tables {
+		// setval is a no-op if the table or its id sequence doesn't exist; we ignore errors per-table.
+		_ = dst.Exec(fmt.Sprintf(
+			`SELECT setval(pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','id'), COALESCE((SELECT MAX(id) FROM "%s"), 1), true)
+			 WHERE pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','id') IS NOT NULL`,
+			t, t, t,
+		)).Error
+	}
+	return nil
+}

docker-compose.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,24 @@ services:
     environment:
       XRAY_VMESS_AEAD_FORCED: "false"
       XUI_ENABLE_FAIL2BAN: "true"
+      # To use PostgreSQL instead of the default SQLite, run:
+      #   docker compose --profile postgres up -d
+      # and uncomment the two lines below.
+      # XUI_DB_TYPE: "postgres"
+      # XUI_DB_DSN: "postgres://xui:xui@postgres:5432/xui?sslmode=disable"
     tty: true
     ports:
       - "2053:2053"
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  postgres:
+    image: postgres:16-alpine
+    container_name: 3xui_postgres
+    profiles: ["postgres"]
+    environment:
+      POSTGRES_USER: xui
+      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: xui
+      POSTGRES_DB: xui
+    volumes:
+      - $PWD/pgdata/:/var/lib/postgresql/data
     restart: unless-stopped

frontend/package-lock.json

@@ -471,61 +471,61 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@intlify/core-base": {
-      "version": "11.4.2",
+      "version": "11.4.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/core-base/-/core-base-11.4.2.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/core-base/-/core-base-11.4.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7fpuCcVmeLv2T9qHsARqGvh8xt+sV2fH+Q+gMHFwB/rPXzo85DpbJFKn7dBH1L5p0c2cSh2DW+2h/64EKrISmA==",
+      "integrity": "sha512-w/vItlylrAmhebkIbVl5YY8XMCtj8Mb2g70ttxktMYuf5AuRahgEHL2iLgLIsZBIbTSgs4hkUo7ucCL0uTJvOg==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@intlify/devtools-types": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/devtools-types": "11.4.4",
-        "@intlify/message-compiler": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/message-compiler": "11.4.4",
-        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.2"
+        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.4"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 16"
+        "node": ">= 22"
       },
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/kazupon"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@intlify/devtools-types": {
-      "version": "11.4.2",
+      "version": "11.4.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/devtools-types/-/devtools-types-11.4.2.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/devtools-types/-/devtools-types-11.4.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-3u8EN1kB6EMSi96KXs5k7a8y2X2g4+h3X6iwVZU47cP4n+mTuq//WMjG588BzSp/2XQ/dTXo2BLUXX+XS+PNfA==",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PcBLmGmDQsTSVV911P8upzpcLJO1CNVYi/IH6bGnLR2nA+0L963+kXN1ZrisTEnbtw2ewN6HMMSldqzjronA0Q==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@intlify/core-base": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/core-base": "11.4.4",
-        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.2"
+        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.4"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 16"
+        "node": ">= 22"
       },
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/kazupon"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@intlify/message-compiler": {
-      "version": "11.4.2",
+      "version": "11.4.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/message-compiler/-/message-compiler-11.4.2.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/message-compiler/-/message-compiler-11.4.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-a6CDSGSMTGrg0BjD97x8TBYPf7qQMDlZipJ6UDfv/pd4OIym8TMlHu3MsH0bTNnRdAG2D6EFEykIgiQPqvtTkA==",
+      "integrity": "sha512-vn0OAV9pYkJlPPmgnsSm5eAG3mL0+9C/oaded2JY9jmxBbhmUXT3TcAUY8WRgLY9Hte7lkUJKpXrVlYjMXBD2w==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.4",
         "source-map-js": "^1.0.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 16"
+        "node": ">= 22"
       },
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/kazupon"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@intlify/shared": {
-      "version": "11.4.2",
+      "version": "11.4.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/shared/-/shared-11.4.2.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@intlify/shared/-/shared-11.4.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-NzpHbguRCsOHDwxmlBa9qu/imc+/QWgsYUaK6FZeNC0wK8QfAbhqrktEp/haVzxU1aikH8IX4ytD+mfFEMi/9A==",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QRUCHqda1U6aR14FR0vvXD4+4gj6+fm0AhAozvSuRCw0fCvrmCugWpgiR4xH2NI6s8am6N9p5OhirplsX8ZS3g==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 16"
+        "node": ">= 22"
       },
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/kazupon"
@@ -3080,18 +3080,18 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/vue-i18n": {
-      "version": "11.4.2",
+      "version": "11.4.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vue-i18n/-/vue-i18n-11.4.2.tgz",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vue-i18n/-/vue-i18n-11.4.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-sADDeKXqAGsPX6tK3t3y2ZiMpbVWN12tG+MhTiJ06rVoh58eGtM4wFyw3uWGbVkXByVp9Ne/AP+nSSzI+J9OAQ==",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gIbXVSFQV4jcSJxfwdZ5zSZmZ+12CnX0K3vBkRSd6Zn+HSzCp+QwUgPwpD/uN0oKNKI9RzlUXPKVedEuMgNG0A==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@intlify/core-base": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/core-base": "11.4.4",
-        "@intlify/devtools-types": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/devtools-types": "11.4.4",
-        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.2",
+        "@intlify/shared": "11.4.4",
         "@vue/devtools-api": "^6.5.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 16"
+        "node": ">= 22"
       },
       "funding": {
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/kazupon"

frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundList.vue

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import {
 } from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
 
 import { HttpUtil, SizeFormatter, IntlUtil, ColorUtils } from '@/utils';
-import { DBInbound } from '@/models/dbinbound.js';
 import InfinityIcon from '@/components/InfinityIcon.vue';
 import { useDatepicker } from '@/composables/useDatepicker.js';
 

go.mod

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/text v0.37.0
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.81.1
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1
+	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0
 	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0
 	gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1
 )
@@ -53,6 +54,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/gorilla/securecookie v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/sessions v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grbit/go-json v0.11.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -85,6 +85,14 @@ github.com/grbit/go-json v0.11.0 h1:bAbyMdYrYl/OjYsSqLH99N2DyQ291mHy726Mx+sYrnc=
 github.com/grbit/go-json v0.11.0/go.mod h1:IYpHsdybQ386+6g3VE6AXQ3uTGa5mquBme5/ZWmtzek=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3 h1:2gKiV6YVmrJ1i2CKKa9obLvRieoRGviZFL26PcT/Co8=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3/go.mod h1:6SBZvOh/SIDV7/2o3Jml5SYk/TvGqwFJ/bN7x4byOro=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0/go.mod h1:CEx0iS5ambNFdcRtxPj5JhEz+xB6uRky5eyVu/W2HEg=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 h1:iCEnooe7UlwOQYpKFhBabPMi4aNAfoODPEFNiAnClxo=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2 h1:3ZhOzMWnR4yJ+RW1XImIPsD1aNSz4T4fyP7zlQb56hw=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.9.2/go.mod h1:mal1tBGAFfLHvZzaYh77YS/eC6IX9OWbRV1QIIM0Jn4=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 h1:PR8nw+E/1w0GLuRFSmiioY6UooMp6KJv0/61nB7icHo=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
 github.com/jcmturner/aescts/v2 v2.0.0 h1:9YKLH6ey7H4eDBXW8khjYslgyqG2xZikXP0EQFKrle8=
 github.com/jcmturner/aescts/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:AiaICIRyfYg35RUkr8yESTqvSy7csK90qZ5xfvvsoNs=
 github.com/jcmturner/dnsutils/v2 v2.0.0 h1:lltnkeZGL0wILNvrNiVCR6Ro5PGU/SeBvVO/8c/iPbo=
@@ -169,6 +177,7 @@ github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSS
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
@@ -272,6 +281,8 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0 h1:2dxzU8xJ+ivvqTRph34QX+WrRaJlmfyPqXmoGVjMBa4=
+gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0/go.mod h1:vUw0mrGgrTK+uPHEhAdV4sfFELrByKVGnaVRkXDhtWo=
 gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0 h1:WHRRrIiulaPiPFmDcod6prc4l2VGVWHz80KspNsxSfQ=
 gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0/go.mod h1:AO9V1qIQddBESngQUKWL9yoH93HIeA1X6V633rBwyT8=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.31.1 h1:7CA8FTFz/gRfgqgpeKIBcervUn3xSyPUmr6B2WXJ7kg=

main.go

@@ -439,6 +439,12 @@ func main() {
 
 	runCmd := flag.NewFlagSet("run", flag.ExitOnError)
 
+	migrateDbCmd := flag.NewFlagSet("migrate-db", flag.ExitOnError)
+	var migrateDsn string
+	var migrateSrc string
+	migrateDbCmd.StringVar(&migrateDsn, "dsn", "", "Destination PostgreSQL DSN (postgres://user:pass@host:port/db?sslmode=disable)")
+	migrateDbCmd.StringVar(&migrateSrc, "src", "", "Source SQLite file (defaults to the configured x-ui.db)")
+
 	settingCmd := flag.NewFlagSet("setting", flag.ExitOnError)
 	var port int
 	var username string
@@ -482,6 +488,7 @@ func main() {
 		fmt.Println("Commands:")
 		fmt.Println("    run            run web panel")
 		fmt.Println("    migrate        migrate form other/old x-ui")
+		fmt.Println("    migrate-db     copy data from the SQLite file into a PostgreSQL database")
 		fmt.Println("    setting        set settings")
 	}
 
@@ -501,6 +508,23 @@ func main() {
 		runWebServer()
 	case "migrate":
 		migrateDb()
+	case "migrate-db":
+		if err := migrateDbCmd.Parse(os.Args[2:]); err != nil {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+			return
+		}
+		src := migrateSrc
+		if src == "" {
+			src = config.GetDBPath()
+		}
+		if migrateDsn == "" {
+			fmt.Println("--dsn is required: postgres://user:pass@host:port/dbname?sslmode=disable")
+			return
+		}
+		if err := database.MigrateData(src, migrateDsn); err != nil {
+			fmt.Println("migration failed:", err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
 	case "setting":
 		err := settingCmd.Parse(os.Args[2:])
 		if err != nil {

web/job/node_traffic_sync_job.go

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ const (
 )
 
 type NodeTrafficSyncJob struct {
-	nodeService     service.NodeService
+	nodeService    service.NodeService
-	inboundService  service.InboundService
+	inboundService service.InboundService
-	settingService  service.SettingService
+	settingService service.SettingService
-	xrayService     service.XrayService
+	xrayService    service.XrayService
-	running         sync.Mutex
+	running        sync.Mutex
-	structural      atomicBool
+	structural     atomicBool
 }
 
 type atomicBool struct {

web/service/inbound.go

@@ -242,12 +242,12 @@ func (s *InboundService) GetClients(inbound *model.Inbound) ([]model.Client, err
 func (s *InboundService) getAllEmails() ([]string, error) {
 	db := database.GetDB()
 	var emails []string
-	err := db.Raw(`
+	query := fmt.Sprintf(
-		SELECT DISTINCT JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.email')
+		"SELECT DISTINCT %s %s",
-		FROM inbounds,
+		database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "email"),
-			JSON_EACH(JSON_EXTRACT(inbounds.settings, '$.clients')) AS client
+		database.JSONClientsFromInbound(),
-		`).Scan(&emails).Error
+	)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := db.Raw(query).Scan(&emails).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return emails, nil
@@ -261,22 +261,22 @@ func (s *InboundService) getAllEmailSubIDs() (map[string]string, error) {
 		Email string
 		SubID string
 	}
-	err := db.Raw(`
+	query := fmt.Sprintf(
-		SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.email')  AS email,
+		"SELECT %s AS email, %s AS sub_id %s",
-		       JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.subId')  AS sub_id
+		database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "email"),
-		FROM inbounds,
+		database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "subId"),
-			JSON_EACH(JSON_EXTRACT(inbounds.settings, '$.clients')) AS client
+		database.JSONClientsFromInbound(),
-		`).Scan(&rows).Error
+	)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := db.Raw(query).Scan(&rows).Error; err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	result := make(map[string]string, len(rows))
 	for _, r := range rows {
-		email := strings.ToLower(strings.Trim(r.Email, "\""))
+		email := strings.ToLower(r.Email)
 		if email == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-		subID := strings.Trim(r.SubID, "\"")
+		subID := r.SubID
 		if existing, ok := result[email]; ok {
 			if existing != subID {
 				result[email] = ""
@@ -296,14 +296,12 @@ func (s *InboundService) emailUsedByOtherInbounds(email string, exceptInboundId
 	}
 	db := database.GetDB()
 	var count int64
-	err := db.Raw(`
+	query := fmt.Sprintf(
-		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		"SELECT COUNT(*) %s WHERE inbounds.id != ? AND LOWER(%s) = LOWER(?)",
-		FROM inbounds,
+		database.JSONClientsFromInbound(),
-			JSON_EACH(JSON_EXTRACT(inbounds.settings, '$.clients')) AS client
+		database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "email"),
-		WHERE inbounds.id != ?
+	)
-		  AND LOWER(JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.email')) = LOWER(?)
+	if err := db.Raw(query, exceptInboundId, email).Scan(&count).Error; err != nil {
-		`, exceptInboundId, email).Scan(&count).Error
-	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
 	return count > 0, nil
@@ -2043,14 +2041,12 @@ func (s *InboundService) GetClientReverseTags() (string, error) {
 
 func (s *InboundService) MigrationRemoveOrphanedTraffics() {
 	db := database.GetDB()
-	db.Exec(`
+	query := fmt.Sprintf(
-		DELETE FROM client_traffics
+		"DELETE FROM client_traffics WHERE email NOT IN (SELECT %s %s)",
-		WHERE email NOT IN (
+		database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "email"),
-			SELECT JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.email')
+		database.JSONClientsFromInbound(),
-			FROM inbounds,
+	)
-				JSON_EACH(JSON_EXTRACT(inbounds.settings, '$.clients')) AS client
+	db.Exec(query)
-		)
-	`)
 }
 
 // AddClientStat inserts a per-client accounting row, no-op on email
@@ -2390,12 +2386,14 @@ func (s *InboundService) DelDepletedClients(id int) (err error) {
 		emails = append(emails, e)
 	}
 	var stillReferenced []string
-	if err = tx.Raw(`
+	emailExpr := database.JSONFieldText("client.value", "email")
-		SELECT DISTINCT LOWER(JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.email'))
+	stillQuery := fmt.Sprintf(
-		FROM inbounds,
+		"SELECT DISTINCT LOWER(%s) %s WHERE LOWER(%s) IN ?",
-			JSON_EACH(JSON_EXTRACT(inbounds.settings, '$.clients')) AS client
+		emailExpr,
-		WHERE LOWER(JSON_EXTRACT(client.value, '$.email')) IN ?
+		database.JSONClientsFromInbound(),
-		`, emails).Scan(&stillReferenced).Error; err != nil {
+		emailExpr,
+	)
+	if err = tx.Raw(stillQuery, emails).Scan(&stillReferenced).Error; err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	stillSet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(stillReferenced))
@@ -2756,8 +2754,10 @@ func (s *InboundService) MigrationRequirements() {
 	defer func() {
 		if err == nil {
 			tx.Commit()
-			if dbErr := db.Exec(`VACUUM "main"`).Error; dbErr != nil {
+			if !database.IsPostgres() {
-				logger.Warningf("VACUUM failed: %v", dbErr)
+				if dbErr := db.Exec(`VACUUM "main"`).Error; dbErr != nil {
+					logger.Warningf("VACUUM failed: %v", dbErr)
+				}
 			}
 		} else {
 			tx.Rollback()

web/translation/en-US.json

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
         "emptyUsername": "Username is required",
         "emptyPassword": "Password is required",
         "wrongUsernameOrPassword": "Invalid username or password or two-factor code.",
-        "successLogin": " You have successfully logged into your account."
+        "successLogin": "You have successfully logged into your account."
       }
     },
     "index": {
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@
       "generalConfigs": "General",
       "generalConfigsDesc": "These options will determine general adjustments.",
       "logConfigs": "Log",
-      "logConfigsDesc": "Logs may affect your server's efficiency. It is recommended to enable it wisely only in case of your needs",
+      "logConfigsDesc": "Logs may affect your server's efficiency. It is recommended to enable them wisely only when needed.",
       "blockConfigsDesc": "These options will block traffic based on specific requested protocols and websites.",
       "basicRouting": "Basic Routing",
       "blockConnectionsConfigsDesc": "These options will block traffic based on the specific requested country.",
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@
         "expectIPs": "Expect IPs",
         "unexpectIPs": "Unexpected IPs",
         "useSystemHosts": "Use System Hosts",
-        "useSystemHostsDesc": "Use the hosts file from an installed system",
+        "useSystemHostsDesc": "Use the operating system's hosts file",
         "serveStale": "Serve Stale",
         "serveStaleDesc": "Return expired cached results while refreshing in the background",
         "serveExpiredTTL": "Serve Expired TTL",