diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue
index 1678b695..75a8189d 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ import {
   InfoCircleOutlined,
   QrcodeOutlined,
   RetweetOutlined,
-  ControlOutlined,
-  DownOutlined,
   MoreOutlined,
   UsergroupAddOutlined,
 } from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
@@ -218,15 +216,14 @@ function onShowQr(row) {
 
 function onResetAllTraffics() {
   Modal.confirm({
-    title: t('pages.clients.resetAllTrafficsTitle') || 'Reset all client traffic?',
-    content: t('pages.clients.resetAllTrafficsContent')
-      || 'Every client’s up/down counter drops to zero. Quotas and expiry are not affected.',
+    title: t('pages.clients.resetAllTrafficsTitle'),
+    content: t('pages.clients.resetAllTrafficsContent'),
     okText: t('reset') || 'Reset',
     okType: 'danger',
     cancelText: t('cancel'),
     onOk: async () => {
       const msg = await resetAllTraffics();
-      if (msg?.success) message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.allTrafficsReset') || 'All client traffic reset');
+      if (msg?.success) message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.allTrafficsReset'));
     },
   });
 }
@@ -340,23 +337,12 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                         {{ t('pages.clients.deleteSelected', { count: selectedRowKeys.length })
                           || `Delete (${selectedRowKeys.length})` }}
                       </a-button>
-                      <a-dropdown :trigger="['click']">
-                        <a-button size="small">
-                          <ControlOutlined />
-                          <span v-if="!isMobile">{{ t('pages.clients.general') }}</span>
-                          <DownOutlined />
-                        </a-button>
-                        <template #overlay>
-                          <a-menu>
-                            <a-menu-item key="resetAllTraffics" @click="onResetAllTraffics">
-                              <RetweetOutlined />
-                              <span style="margin-left: 6px">
-                                {{ t('pages.clients.resetAllTraffics') }}
-                              </span>
-                            </a-menu-item>
-                          </a-menu>
+                      <a-button size="small" @click="onResetAllTraffics">
+                        <template #icon>
+                          <RetweetOutlined />
                         </template>
-                      </a-dropdown>
+                        <template v-if="!isMobile">{{ t('pages.clients.resetAllTraffics') }}</template>
+                      </a-button>
                     </div>
                   </template>
 
@@ -462,7 +448,8 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                         <div class="card-head">
                           <a-checkbox :checked="isSelected(row.id)"
                             @change="(e) => toggleSelect(row.id, e.target.checked)" />
-                          <a-badge :color="row.enable && isOnline(row.email) ? 'green' : (row.enable ? 'default' : 'red')" />
+                          <a-badge
+                            :color="row.enable && isOnline(row.email) ? 'green' : (row.enable ? 'default' : 'red')" />
                           <span class="tag-name">{{ row.email }}</span>
                           <div class="card-actions" @click.stop>
                             <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.moreInformation') || 'Info'">
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientBulkModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientBulkModal.vue
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e76642b..00000000
--- a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientBulkModal.vue
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-<script setup>
-import { computed, reactive, ref, watch } from 'vue';
-import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n';
-import dayjs from 'dayjs';
-import { SyncOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
-
-import { HttpUtil, RandomUtil, SizeFormatter } from '@/utils';
-
-const { t } = useI18n();
-import {
-  Inbound,
-  Protocols,
-  USERS_SECURITY,
-  TLS_FLOW_CONTROL,
-} from '@/models/inbound.js';
-import DateTimePicker from '@/components/DateTimePicker.vue';
-
-// Bulk-add up to 500 clients in one go. The legacy panel offers five
-// generation modes — this component preserves them all:
-//   0: Random         — N fully-random emails (no prefix)
-//   1: Random+Prefix  — N random emails preceded by `prefix`
-//   2: Random+Prefix+Num     — emails like `<rand><prefix><num>` for num in [first..last]
-//   3: Random+Prefix+Num+Postfix — same + appended postfix
-//   4: Prefix+Num+Postfix    — no random part, just `<prefix><num><postfix>`
-
-const props = defineProps({
-  open: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  dbInbound: { type: Object, default: null },
-  subEnable: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  tgBotEnable: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  ipLimitEnable: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-});
-
-const emit = defineEmits(['update:open', 'saved']);
-
-const SECURITY_OPTIONS = Object.values(USERS_SECURITY);
-const FLOW_OPTIONS = Object.values(TLS_FLOW_CONTROL);
-
-// === Reactive form state ===========================================
-// Cloned inbound (so canEnableTlsFlow() works).
-const inbound = ref(null);
-const saving = ref(false);
-const delayedStart = ref(false);
-
-const form = reactive({
-  emailMethod: 0,
-  firstNum: 1,
-  lastNum: 1,
-  emailPrefix: '',
-  emailPostfix: '',
-  quantity: 1,
-  security: USERS_SECURITY.AUTO,
-  flow: '',
-  subId: '',
-  tgId: 0,
-  comment: '',
-  limitIp: 0,
-  totalGB: 0,
-  expiryTime: 0, // ms epoch; negative => delayed start days
-  reset: 0,
-});
-
-const expiryDate = computed({
-  get: () => (form.expiryTime > 0 ? dayjs(form.expiryTime) : null),
-  set: (next) => { form.expiryTime = next ? next.valueOf() : 0; },
-});
-
-const delayedExpireDays = computed({
-  get: () => (form.expiryTime < 0 ? form.expiryTime / -86400000 : 0),
-  set: (days) => { form.expiryTime = -86400000 * (days || 0); },
-});
-
-watch(() => props.open, (next) => {
-  if (!next) return;
-  if (!props.dbInbound) return;
-  inbound.value = Inbound.fromJson(props.dbInbound.toInbound().toJson());
-  // Reset all form fields on every open — bulk add is intentionally
-  // stateless between sessions (legacy resets on .show()).
-  form.emailMethod = 0;
-  form.firstNum = 1;
-  form.lastNum = 1;
-  form.emailPrefix = '';
-  form.emailPostfix = '';
-  form.quantity = 1;
-  form.security = USERS_SECURITY.AUTO;
-  form.flow = '';
-  form.subId = '';
-  form.tgId = 0;
-  form.comment = '';
-  form.limitIp = 0;
-  form.totalGB = 0;
-  form.expiryTime = 0;
-  form.reset = 0;
-  delayedStart.value = false;
-});
-
-function close() {
-  emit('update:open', false);
-}
-
-function makeNewClient(parsed) {
-  switch (parsed.protocol) {
-    case Protocols.VMESS: return new Inbound.VmessSettings.VMESS();
-    case Protocols.VLESS: return new Inbound.VLESSSettings.VLESS();
-    case Protocols.TROJAN: return new Inbound.TrojanSettings.Trojan();
-    case Protocols.SHADOWSOCKS: {
-      const method = parsed.settings.shadowsockses[0]?.method || parsed.settings.method;
-      return new Inbound.ShadowsocksSettings.Shadowsocks(method);
-    }
-    case Protocols.HYSTERIA: return new Inbound.HysteriaSettings.Hysteria();
-    default: return null;
-  }
-}
-
-function buildClients() {
-  if (!inbound.value) return [];
-  const out = [];
-  const method = form.emailMethod;
-  let start;
-  let end;
-  if (method > 1) {
-    start = form.firstNum;
-    end = form.lastNum + 1;
-  } else {
-    start = 0;
-    end = form.quantity;
-  }
-  const prefix = method > 0 && form.emailPrefix.length > 0 ? form.emailPrefix : '';
-  const useNum = method > 1;
-  const postfix = method > 2 && form.emailPostfix.length > 0 ? form.emailPostfix : '';
-
-  for (let i = start; i < end; i++) {
-    const c = makeNewClient(inbound.value);
-    if (!c) continue;
-    if (method === 4) c.email = '';
-    c.email += useNum ? prefix + String(i) + postfix : prefix + postfix;
-
-    if (form.subId.length > 0) c.subId = form.subId;
-    c.tgId = form.tgId;
-    if (form.comment.length > 0) c.comment = form.comment;
-    c.security = form.security;
-    c.limitIp = form.limitIp;
-    // Use the clien's totalGB setter (ms epoch and bytes already handled
-    // identically for bulk and single client paths).
-    c.totalGB = Math.round((form.totalGB || 0) * SizeFormatter.ONE_GB);
-    c.expiryTime = form.expiryTime;
-    if (inbound.value.canEnableTlsFlow()) c.flow = form.flow;
-    c.reset = form.reset;
-    out.push(c);
-  }
-  return out;
-}
-
-async function submit() {
-  const clients = buildClients();
-  if (clients.length === 0) return;
-
-  saving.value = true;
-  try {
-    const payload = {
-      id: props.dbInbound.id,
-      // Clients all serialize via toString() — same shape the single-
-      // client modal posts. Joining with `,` lets the Go side parse the
-      // outer array directly.
-      settings: `{"clients": [${clients.map((c) => c.toString()).join(',')}]}`,
-    };
-    const msg = await HttpUtil.post('/panel/api/inbounds/addClient', payload);
-    if (msg?.success) {
-      emit('saved');
-      close();
-    }
-  } finally {
-    saving.value = false;
-  }
-}
-</script>
-
-<template>
-  <a-modal :open="open" :title="t('pages.clients.bulk')" :ok-text="t('create')" :cancel-text="t('close')"
-    :confirm-loading="saving" :mask-closable="false" @ok="submit" @cancel="close">
-    <a-form v-if="inbound" :colon="false" :label-col="{ sm: { span: 8 } }" :wrapper-col="{ sm: { span: 14 } }">
-      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.method')">
-        <a-select v-model:value="form.emailMethod">
-          <a-select-option :value="0">Random</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option :value="1">Random + Prefix</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option :value="2">Random + Prefix + Num</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option :value="3">Random + Prefix + Num + Postfix</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option :value="4">Prefix + Num + Postfix</a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="form.emailMethod > 1" :label="t('pages.clients.first')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.firstNum" :min="1" />
-      </a-form-item>
-      <a-form-item v-if="form.emailMethod > 1" :label="t('pages.clients.last')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.lastNum" :min="form.firstNum" />
-      </a-form-item>
-      <a-form-item v-if="form.emailMethod > 0" :label="t('pages.clients.prefix')">
-        <a-input v-model:value="form.emailPrefix" />
-      </a-form-item>
-      <a-form-item v-if="form.emailMethod > 2" :label="t('pages.clients.postfix')">
-        <a-input v-model:value="form.emailPostfix" />
-      </a-form-item>
-      <a-form-item v-if="form.emailMethod < 2" :label="t('pages.clients.clientCount')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.quantity" :min="1" :max="500" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="inbound.protocol === Protocols.VMESS" :label="t('security')">
-        <a-select v-model:value="form.security">
-          <a-select-option v-for="key in SECURITY_OPTIONS" :key="key" :value="key">{{ key }}</a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="inbound.canEnableTlsFlow()" label="Flow">
-        <a-select v-model:value="form.flow">
-          <a-select-option value="">{{ t('none') }}</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option v-for="key in FLOW_OPTIONS" :key="key" :value="key">{{ key }}</a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="subEnable">
-        <template #label>
-          {{ t('subscription.title') }}
-          <SyncOutlined class="random-icon" @click="form.subId = RandomUtil.randomLowerAndNum(16)" />
-        </template>
-        <a-input v-model:value="form.subId" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="tgBotEnable" label="Telegram ID">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.tgId" :min="0" :style="{ width: '50%' }" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item :label="t('comment')">
-        <a-input v-model:value="form.comment" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="ipLimitEnable" :label="t('pages.inbounds.IPLimit')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.limitIp" :min="0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item>
-        <template #label>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.inbounds.meansNoLimit')">{{ t('pages.inbounds.totalFlow') }}</a-tooltip>
-        </template>
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.totalGB" :min="0" :step="0.1" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.delayedStart')">
-        <a-switch v-model:checked="delayedStart" @click="form.expiryTime = 0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="delayedStart" :label="t('pages.clients.expireDays')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="delayedExpireDays" :min="0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-else>
-        <template #label>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.inbounds.leaveBlankToNeverExpire')">{{ t('pages.inbounds.expireDate')
-          }}</a-tooltip>
-        </template>
-        <DateTimePicker v-model:value="expiryDate" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="form.expiryTime !== 0">
-        <template #label>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.renewDesc')">{{ t('pages.clients.renew') }}</a-tooltip>
-        </template>
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="form.reset" :min="0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-    </a-form>
-  </a-modal>
-</template>
-
-<style scoped>
-.random-icon {
-  margin-left: 4px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  color: var(--ant-primary-color, #1890ff);
-}
-</style>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientFormModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientFormModal.vue
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a3d4bcd..00000000
--- a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientFormModal.vue
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,394 +0,0 @@
-<script setup>
-import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue';
-import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n';
-import dayjs from 'dayjs';
-import { SyncOutlined, RetweetOutlined, DeleteOutlined } from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
-
-import {
-  HttpUtil,
-  RandomUtil,
-  SizeFormatter,
-  ColorUtils,
-} from '@/utils';
-import { Inbound, Protocols, USERS_SECURITY, TLS_FLOW_CONTROL } from '@/models/inbound.js';
-import DateTimePicker from '@/components/DateTimePicker.vue';
-
-const { t } = useI18n();
-
-// Add OR edit a single client on a multi-user inbound (VMess / VLess /
-// Trojan / Shadowsocks-multi / Hysteria). The legacy panel routes both
-// flows through the same modal — same here.
-//
-// On submit we serialize the client via its toString() (which is just
-// JSON.stringify of toJson()) and post it inside a one-element clients
-// array so the Go side reuses the same parsing path as the inbound
-// settings update.
-
-const props = defineProps({
-  open: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  mode: { type: String, default: 'add', validator: (v) => ['add', 'edit'].includes(v) },
-  dbInbound: { type: Object, default: null },
-  clientIndex: { type: Number, default: null },
-  // Sidecar config from the inbounds page — controls visibility of
-  // the Subscription, Telegram, and IP-limit fields.
-  subEnable: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  tgBotEnable: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  ipLimitEnable: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  trafficDiff: { type: Number, default: 0 },
-});
-
-const emit = defineEmits(['update:open', 'saved']);
-
-// === Reactive draft =================================================
-const inbound = ref(null);
-const client = ref(null);
-const oldClientId = ref('');
-const clientStats = ref(null);
-
-const saving = ref(false);
-const delayedStart = ref(false);
-
-const SECURITY_OPTIONS = Object.values(USERS_SECURITY);
-const FLOW_OPTIONS = Object.values(TLS_FLOW_CONTROL);
-
-const protocol = computed(() => inbound.value?.protocol);
-const isVmessOrVless = computed(() =>
-  protocol.value === Protocols.VMESS || protocol.value === Protocols.VLESS,
-);
-const isTrojanOrSS = computed(() =>
-  protocol.value === Protocols.TROJAN || protocol.value === Protocols.SHADOWSOCKS,
-);
-
-const expiryDate = computed({
-  get: () => (client.value?.expiryTime > 0 ? dayjs(client.value.expiryTime) : null),
-  set: (next) => { if (client.value) client.value.expiryTime = next ? next.valueOf() : 0; },
-});
-
-const delayedExpireDays = computed({
-  get: () => {
-    if (!client.value || client.value.expiryTime >= 0) return 0;
-    return client.value.expiryTime / -86400000;
-  },
-  set: (days) => {
-    if (!client.value) return;
-    client.value.expiryTime = -86400000 * (days || 0);
-  },
-});
-
-const totalGB = computed({
-  get: () => {
-    if (!client.value || !client.value.totalGB) return 0;
-    return Math.round((client.value.totalGB / SizeFormatter.ONE_GB) * 100) / 100;
-  },
-  set: (gb) => {
-    if (!client.value) return;
-    client.value.totalGB = Math.round((gb || 0) * SizeFormatter.ONE_GB);
-  },
-});
-
-const isExpired = computed(() => {
-  if (props.mode !== 'edit' || !client.value) return false;
-  return client.value.expiryTime > 0 && client.value.expiryTime < Date.now();
-});
-const isTrafficExhausted = computed(() => {
-  if (!clientStats.value || clientStats.value.total <= 0) return false;
-  return clientStats.value.up + clientStats.value.down >= clientStats.value.total;
-});
-
-function getClientId(proto, c) {
-  switch (proto) {
-    case Protocols.TROJAN: return c.password;
-    case Protocols.SHADOWSOCKS: return c.email;
-    case Protocols.HYSTERIA: return c.auth;
-    default: return c.id;
-  }
-}
-
-function makeNewClient(proto, parsed) {
-  switch (proto) {
-    case Protocols.VMESS: return new Inbound.VmessSettings.VMESS();
-    case Protocols.VLESS: return new Inbound.VLESSSettings.VLESS();
-    case Protocols.TROJAN: return new Inbound.TrojanSettings.Trojan();
-    case Protocols.SHADOWSOCKS: {
-      const method = parsed.settings.method;
-      return new Inbound.ShadowsocksSettings.Shadowsocks(
-        method,
-        RandomUtil.randomShadowsocksPassword(method),
-      );
-    }
-    case Protocols.HYSTERIA: return new Inbound.HysteriaSettings.Hysteria();
-    default: return null;
-  }
-}
-
-watch(() => props.open, (next) => {
-  if (!next) return;
-  if (!props.dbInbound) return;
-  const parsed = Inbound.fromJson(props.dbInbound.toInbound().toJson());
-  inbound.value = parsed;
-  delayedStart.value = false;
-
-  if (props.mode === 'edit') {
-    const idx = props.clientIndex ?? 0;
-    client.value = parsed.clients[idx];
-    if (client.value && client.value.expiryTime < 0) delayedStart.value = true;
-    oldClientId.value = getClientId(parsed.protocol, client.value);
-  } else {
-    const c = makeNewClient(parsed.protocol, parsed);
-    if (c) parsed.clients.push(c);
-    client.value = parsed.clients[parsed.clients.length - 1];
-    oldClientId.value = '';
-  }
-
-  clientStats.value = (props.dbInbound.clientStats || []).find(
-    (s) => s.email === client.value?.email,
-  ) || null;
-});
-
-function close() {
-  emit('update:open', false);
-}
-
-function randomEmail() {
-  if (client.value) client.value.email = RandomUtil.randomLowerAndNum(9);
-}
-function randomId() {
-  if (client.value) client.value.id = RandomUtil.randomUUID();
-}
-function randomPassword() {
-  if (!client.value || !inbound.value) return;
-  if (inbound.value.protocol === Protocols.SHADOWSOCKS) {
-    client.value.password = RandomUtil.randomShadowsocksPassword(
-      inbound.value.settings.method,
-    );
-  } else {
-    client.value.password = RandomUtil.randomSeq(10);
-  }
-}
-function randomAuth() {
-  if (client.value) client.value.auth = RandomUtil.randomSeq(10);
-}
-function randomSubId() {
-  if (client.value) client.value.subId = RandomUtil.randomLowerAndNum(16);
-}
-
-const clientIpsText = ref('');
-async function loadClientIps() {
-  if (!client.value?.email) return;
-  const msg = await HttpUtil.post(`/panel/api/inbounds/clientIps/${client.value.email}`);
-  if (!msg?.success) {
-    clientIpsText.value = msg?.obj || '';
-    return;
-  }
-  let ips = msg.obj;
-  if (typeof ips === 'string' && ips.startsWith('[') && ips.endsWith(']')) {
-    try {
-      const parsed = JSON.parse(ips);
-      ips = Array.isArray(parsed) ? parsed.join('\n') : ips;
-    } catch (_e) {
-      // leave as raw
-    }
-  }
-  clientIpsText.value = ips || '';
-}
-async function clearClientIps() {
-  if (!client.value?.email) return;
-  const msg = await HttpUtil.post(`/panel/api/inbounds/clearClientIps/${client.value.email}`);
-  if (msg?.success) clientIpsText.value = '';
-}
-
-async function resetClientTraffic() {
-  if (!clientStats.value || !client.value?.email) return;
-  const msg = await HttpUtil.post(
-    `/panel/api/inbounds/${props.dbInbound.id}/resetClientTraffic/${client.value.email}`,
-  );
-  if (msg?.success) {
-    clientStats.value.up = 0;
-    clientStats.value.down = 0;
-  }
-}
-
-async function submit() {
-  if (!client.value || !inbound.value) return;
-  saving.value = true;
-  try {
-    const payload = {
-      id: props.dbInbound.id,
-      settings: `{"clients": [${client.value.toString()}]}`,
-    };
-    const url = props.mode === 'edit'
-      ? `/panel/api/inbounds/updateClient/${oldClientId.value}`
-      : '/panel/api/inbounds/addClient';
-    const msg = await HttpUtil.post(url, payload);
-    if (msg?.success) {
-      emit('saved');
-      close();
-    }
-  } finally {
-    saving.value = false;
-  }
-}
-
-const title = computed(() =>
-  props.mode === 'edit' ? t('pages.clients.edit') : t('pages.clients.add'),
-);
-</script>
-
-<template>
-  <a-modal :open="open" :title="title"
-    :ok-text="mode === 'edit' ? t('pages.clients.submitEdit') : t('pages.clients.submitAdd')" :cancel-text="t('close')"
-    :confirm-loading="saving" :mask-closable="false" @ok="submit" @cancel="close">
-    <a-tag v-if="mode === 'edit' && (isExpired || isTrafficExhausted)" color="red" class="status-banner">
-      {{ t('depleted') }}
-    </a-tag>
-
-    <a-form v-if="client && inbound" layout="horizontal" :colon="false" :label-col="{ sm: { span: 8 } }"
-      :wrapper-col="{ sm: { span: 14 } }">
-      <a-form-item :label="t('enable')">
-        <a-switch v-model:checked="client.enable" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item>
-        <template #label>
-          {{ t('pages.inbounds.email') }}
-          <SyncOutlined class="random-icon" @click="randomEmail" />
-        </template>
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.email" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="isTrojanOrSS">
-        <template #label>
-          {{ t('password') }}
-          <SyncOutlined class="random-icon" @click="randomPassword" />
-        </template>
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.password" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="protocol === Protocols.HYSTERIA">
-        <template #label>
-          {{ t('password') }}
-          <SyncOutlined class="random-icon" @click="randomAuth" />
-        </template>
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.auth" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="isVmessOrVless">
-        <template #label>
-          ID
-          <SyncOutlined class="random-icon" @click="randomId" />
-        </template>
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.id" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="protocol === Protocols.VMESS" :label="t('security')">
-        <a-select v-model:value="client.security">
-          <a-select-option v-for="key in SECURITY_OPTIONS" :key="key" :value="key">
-            {{ key }}
-          </a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="client.email && subEnable">
-        <template #label>
-          {{ t('subscription.title') }}
-          <SyncOutlined class="random-icon" @click="randomSubId" />
-        </template>
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.subId" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="client.email && tgBotEnable" label="Telegram ID">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="client.tgId" :min="0" :style="{ width: '50%' }" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="client.email" :label="t('comment')">
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.comment" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="ipLimitEnable" :label="t('pages.inbounds.IPLimit')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="client.limitIp" :min="0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="ipLimitEnable && client.limitIp > 0 && client.email && mode === 'edit'"
-        :label="t('pages.inbounds.IPLimitlog')">
-        <a-textarea v-model:value="clientIpsText" readonly :placeholder="t('pages.inbounds.IPLimitlogDesc')"
-          :auto-size="{ minRows: 3, maxRows: 8 }" @click="loadClientIps" />
-        <a-button type="link" size="small" danger @click="clearClientIps">
-          <template #icon>
-            <DeleteOutlined />
-          </template>
-          {{ t('pages.inbounds.IPLimitlogclear') }}
-        </a-button>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="inbound.canEnableTlsFlow()" label="Flow">
-        <a-select v-model:value="client.flow">
-          <a-select-option value="">{{ t('none') }}</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option v-for="key in FLOW_OPTIONS" :key="key" :value="key">
-            {{ key }}
-          </a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="protocol === Protocols.VLESS" label="Reverse tag">
-        <a-input v-model:value="client.reverseTag" placeholder="Optional reverse tag" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item>
-        <template #label>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.inbounds.meansNoLimit')">{{ t('pages.inbounds.totalFlow') }}</a-tooltip>
-        </template>
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="totalGB" :min="0" :step="0.1" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="mode === 'edit' && clientStats" :label="t('usage')">
-        <a-tag :color="ColorUtils.clientUsageColor(clientStats, trafficDiff)">
-          {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(clientStats.up) }} /
-          {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(clientStats.down) }}
-          ({{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(clientStats.up + clientStats.down) }})
-        </a-tag>
-        <a-tooltip v-if="client.email" :title="t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic')">
-          <RetweetOutlined class="action-icon" @click="resetClientTraffic" />
-        </a-tooltip>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.delayedStart')">
-        <a-switch v-model:checked="delayedStart" @click="client.expiryTime = 0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="delayedStart" :label="t('pages.clients.expireDays')">
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="delayedExpireDays" :min="0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-else>
-        <template #label>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.inbounds.leaveBlankToNeverExpire')">{{ t('pages.inbounds.expireDate')
-          }}</a-tooltip>
-        </template>
-        <DateTimePicker v-model:value="expiryDate" />
-        <a-tag v-if="mode === 'edit' && isExpired" color="red">{{ t('depleted') }}</a-tag>
-      </a-form-item>
-
-      <a-form-item v-if="client.expiryTime !== 0">
-        <template #label>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.renewDesc')">{{ t('pages.clients.renew') }}</a-tooltip>
-        </template>
-        <a-input-number v-model:value="client.reset" :min="0" />
-      </a-form-item>
-    </a-form>
-  </a-modal>
-</template>
-
-<style scoped>
-.status-banner {
-  display: block;
-  margin-bottom: 10px;
-  text-align: center;
-}
-
-.random-icon,
-.action-icon {
-  margin-left: 4px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  color: var(--ant-primary-color, #1890ff);
-}
-</style>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientRowTable.vue b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientRowTable.vue
deleted file mode 100644
index 5fdd2067..00000000
--- a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/ClientRowTable.vue
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,818 +0,0 @@
-<script setup>
-import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue';
-import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n';
-import {
-  EditOutlined,
-  InfoCircleOutlined,
-  QrcodeOutlined,
-  RetweetOutlined,
-  DeleteOutlined,
-  EllipsisOutlined,
-} from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
-import { Modal } from 'ant-design-vue';
-
-import { SizeFormatter, IntlUtil, ColorUtils } from '@/utils';
-import InfinityIcon from '@/components/InfinityIcon.vue';
-import { useDatepicker } from '@/composables/useDatepicker.js';
-
-const { datepicker } = useDatepicker();
-
-const { t } = useI18n();
-
-// Per-inbound expand-row content. CSS-grid layout (not a nested
-// <a-table>) so it sits flush inside the parent's expanded cell.
-// No API calls here — events bubble to the parent's modals.
-
-const props = defineProps({
-  dbInbound: { type: Object, required: true },
-  isMobile: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  trafficDiff: { type: Number, default: 0 },
-  expireDiff: { type: Number, default: 0 },
-  onlineClients: { type: Array, default: () => [] },
-  lastOnlineMap: { type: Object, default: () => ({}) },
-  isDarkTheme: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  pageSize: { type: Number, default: 0 },
-  totalClientCount: { type: Number, default: 0 },
-  statsVersion: { type: Number, default: 0 },
-});
-
-const emit = defineEmits([
-  'edit-client',
-  'qrcode-client',
-  'info-client',
-  'reset-traffic-client',
-  'delete-client',
-  'delete-clients',
-  'toggle-enable-client',
-]);
-
-const inbound = computed(() => props.dbInbound.toInbound());
-const clients = computed(() => inbound.value?.clients || []);
-
-const currentPage = ref(1);
-const paginatedClients = computed(() => {
-  if (!props.pageSize || props.pageSize <= 0) return clients.value;
-  const start = (currentPage.value - 1) * props.pageSize;
-  return clients.value.slice(start, start + props.pageSize);
-});
-
-watch([clients, () => props.pageSize], () => {
-  const total = clients.value.length;
-  const size = props.pageSize > 0 ? props.pageSize : (total || 1);
-  const maxPage = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(total / size));
-  if (currentPage.value > maxPage) currentPage.value = maxPage;
-});
-
-// === Per-client stats lookup =======================================
-// statsVersion bumps on every ws merge so this computed re-evaluates
-// (DBInbound isn't reactive — the in-place stat mutations alone don't
-// trigger Vue's tracking).
-const statsMap = computed(() => {
-  void props.statsVersion;
-  const m = new Map();
-  for (const cs of (props.dbInbound.clientStats || [])) m.set(cs.email, cs);
-  return m;
-});
-function statsFor(email) {
-  return email ? statsMap.value.get(email) : null;
-}
-
-function getUp(email) { return statsFor(email)?.up || 0; }
-function getDown(email) { return statsFor(email)?.down || 0; }
-function getSum(email) { const s = statsFor(email); return s ? s.up + s.down : 0; }
-function getRem(email) {
-  const s = statsFor(email);
-  if (!s) return 0;
-  const r = s.total - s.up - s.down;
-  return r > 0 ? r : 0;
-}
-function isClientDepleted(email) {
-  const s = statsFor(email);
-  if (!s) return false;
-  const total = s.total ?? 0;
-  const used = (s.up ?? 0) + (s.down ?? 0);
-  if (total > 0 && used >= total) return true;
-  const exp = s.expiryTime ?? 0;
-  if (exp > 0 && Date.now() >= exp) return true;
-  return false;
-}
-function isClientOnline(email) {
-  return !!email && props.onlineClients.includes(email);
-}
-function lastOnlineLabel(email) {
-  const ts = props.lastOnlineMap[email];
-  if (!ts) return '-';
-  return IntlUtil.formatDate(ts, datepicker.value);
-}
-
-function statsProgress(email) {
-  const s = statsFor(email);
-  if (!s) return 0;
-  if (s.total === 0) return 100;
-  return (100 * (s.down + s.up)) / s.total;
-}
-function expireProgress(expTime, reset) {
-  const now = Date.now();
-  const remainedSec = expTime < 0 ? -expTime / 1000 : (expTime - now) / 1000;
-  const resetSec = reset * 86400;
-  if (remainedSec >= resetSec) return 0;
-  return 100 * (1 - remainedSec / resetSec);
-}
-function clientStatsColor(email) {
-  return ColorUtils.clientUsageColor(statsFor(email), props.trafficDiff);
-}
-function statsExpColor(email) {
-  // AD-Vue 4 semantic palette mirrors ColorUtils.* so the badge dot
-  // matches the row's traffic/expiry tags.
-  const PURPLE = '#722ed1', SUCCESS = '#52c41a', WARN = '#faad14', DANGER = '#ff4d4f';
-  if (!email) return PURPLE;
-  const s = statsFor(email);
-  if (!s) return PURPLE;
-  const a = ColorUtils.usageColor(s.down + s.up, props.trafficDiff, s.total);
-  const b = ColorUtils.usageColor(Date.now(), props.expireDiff, s.expiryTime);
-  if (a === 'red' || b === 'red') return DANGER;
-  if (a === 'orange' || b === 'orange') return WARN;
-  if (a === 'green' || b === 'green') return SUCCESS;
-  return PURPLE;
-}
-
-const isRemovable = computed(() => (props.totalClientCount || clients.value.length) > 1);
-
-function totalGbDisplay(client) {
-  if (!client.totalGB || client.totalGB <= 0) return '';
-  return `${Math.round((client.totalGB / 1073741824) * 100) / 100} GB`;
-}
-
-const isUnlimitedTotal = (client) => !client.totalGB || client.totalGB <= 0;
-
-function statusBadgeColor(client) {
-  if (!client.enable) return props.isDarkTheme ? '#2c3950' : '#bcbcbc';
-  return statsExpColor(client.email);
-}
-
-// === Action confirms ==============================================
-function confirmReset(client) {
-  Modal.confirm({
-    title: `${t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic')} — ${client.email}`,
-    content: t('pages.inbounds.resetTrafficContent'),
-    okText: t('reset'),
-    cancelText: t('cancel'),
-    onOk: () => emit('reset-traffic-client', { dbInbound: props.dbInbound, client }),
-  });
-}
-function confirmDelete(client) {
-  Modal.confirm({
-    title: `${t('pages.inbounds.deleteClient')} — ${client.email}`,
-    content: t('pages.inbounds.deleteClientContent'),
-    okText: t('delete'),
-    okType: 'danger',
-    cancelText: t('cancel'),
-    onOk: () => emit('delete-client', { dbInbound: props.dbInbound, client }),
-  });
-}
-
-// Stable row key for v-for — falls back through email/id/password
-// because not every protocol fills the same field.
-function rowKey(client) {
-  return client.email || client.id || client.password || JSON.stringify(client);
-}
-
-const selected = ref(new Set());
-
-const allSelected = computed(() =>
-  clients.value.length > 0 && clients.value.every((c) => selected.value.has(rowKey(c))),
-);
-const someSelected = computed(() =>
-  clients.value.some((c) => selected.value.has(rowKey(c))),
-);
-const selectedCount = computed(() => selected.value.size);
-
-function isSelected(key) {
-  return selected.value.has(key);
-}
-function toggleSelect(key, next) {
-  const s = new Set(selected.value);
-  if (next) s.add(key); else s.delete(key);
-  selected.value = s;
-}
-function selectAll(next) {
-  if (next) {
-    selected.value = new Set(clients.value.map(rowKey));
-  } else {
-    selected.value = new Set();
-  }
-}
-function clearSelection() {
-  selected.value = new Set();
-}
-
-watch(clients, (list) => {
-  if (selected.value.size === 0) return;
-  const valid = new Set(list.map(rowKey));
-  const next = new Set();
-  for (const k of selected.value) if (valid.has(k)) next.add(k);
-  if (next.size !== selected.value.size) selected.value = next;
-});
-
-const statsClient = ref(null);
-function openStats(client) {
-  statsClient.value = client;
-}
-function closeStats() {
-  statsClient.value = null;
-}
-
-function confirmBulkDelete() {
-  const picked = clients.value.filter((c) => selected.value.has(rowKey(c)));
-  if (picked.length === 0) return;
-
-  const total = clients.value.length;
-  const keepLast = picked.length === total;
-  const toDelete = keepLast ? picked.slice(0, -1) : picked;
-
-  if (toDelete.length === 0) {
-    Modal.warning({
-      title: t('pages.inbounds.deleteClient'),
-      content: 'Inbound must keep at least one client — delete the inbound to remove all.',
-      okText: t('confirm'),
-    });
-    return;
-  }
-
-  Modal.confirm({
-    title: `${t('pages.inbounds.deleteClient')} — ${toDelete.length}${keepLast ? ` / ${total}` : ''}`,
-    content: keepLast
-      ? 'Inbound must keep at least one client — the last selected will remain. Delete the inbound to remove all.'
-      : t('pages.inbounds.deleteClientContent'),
-    okText: t('delete'),
-    okType: 'danger',
-    cancelText: t('cancel'),
-    onOk: () => {
-      emit('delete-clients', { dbInbound: props.dbInbound, clients: toDelete });
-      clearSelection();
-    },
-  });
-}
-</script>
-
-<template>
-  <div class="client-list" :class="{ 'is-mobile': isMobile, 'is-dark': isDarkTheme, 'has-select': isRemovable }">
-    <div v-if="isRemovable && selectedCount > 0" class="bulk-bar">
-      <span class="bulk-count">{{ selectedCount }} selected</span>
-      <a-button size="small" type="link" @click="clearSelection">{{ t('cancel') }}</a-button>
-      <a-button size="small" danger @click="confirmBulkDelete">
-        <DeleteOutlined /> {{ t('delete') }}
-      </a-button>
-    </div>
-
-    <!-- ====================== Desktop: grid table ===================== -->
-    <template v-if="!isMobile">
-      <div class="client-row client-list-header">
-        <div v-if="isRemovable" class="cell cell-select">
-          <a-checkbox :checked="allSelected" :indeterminate="someSelected && !allSelected"
-            @change="(e) => selectAll(e.target.checked)" />
-        </div>
-        <div class="cell cell-actions">{{ t('pages.settings.actions') }}</div>
-        <div class="cell cell-enable">{{ t('enable') }}</div>
-        <div class="cell cell-online">{{ t('online') }}</div>
-        <div class="cell cell-client">{{ t('pages.inbounds.client') }}</div>
-        <div class="cell cell-traffic">{{ t('pages.inbounds.traffic') }}</div>
-        <div class="cell cell-remained">{{ t('remained') }}</div>
-        <div class="cell cell-expiry">{{ t('pages.inbounds.expireDate') }}</div>
-      </div>
-
-      <div v-for="client in paginatedClients" :key="rowKey(client)" class="client-row"
-        :class="{ 'is-selected': isSelected(rowKey(client)) }">
-        <div v-if="isRemovable" class="cell cell-select">
-          <a-checkbox :checked="isSelected(rowKey(client))"
-            @change="(e) => toggleSelect(rowKey(client), e.target.checked)" />
-        </div>
-        <div class="cell cell-actions">
-          <a-tooltip v-if="dbInbound.hasLink()" :title="t('qrCode')">
-            <QrcodeOutlined class="row-icon" @click="emit('qrcode-client', { dbInbound, client })" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('edit')">
-            <EditOutlined class="row-icon" @click="emit('edit-client', { dbInbound, client })" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <a-tooltip :title="t('info')">
-            <InfoCircleOutlined class="row-icon" @click="emit('info-client', { dbInbound, client })" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <a-tooltip v-if="client.email" :title="t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic')">
-            <RetweetOutlined class="row-icon" @click="confirmReset(client)" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <a-tooltip v-if="isRemovable" :title="t('delete')">
-            <DeleteOutlined class="row-icon danger" @click="confirmDelete(client)" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="cell cell-enable">
-          <a-switch :checked="client.enable" size="small"
-            @change="(next) => emit('toggle-enable-client', { dbInbound, client, next })" />
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="cell cell-online">
-          <a-popover>
-            <template #content>{{ t('lastOnline') }}: {{ lastOnlineLabel(client.email) }}</template>
-            <a-tag v-if="client.enable && isClientOnline(client.email)" color="green">{{ t('online') }}</a-tag>
-            <a-tag v-else>{{ t('offline') }}</a-tag>
-          </a-popover>
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="cell cell-client">
-          <a-tooltip>
-            <template #title>
-              <template v-if="isClientDepleted(client.email)">{{ t('depleted') }}</template>
-              <template v-else-if="!client.enable">{{ t('disabled') }}</template>
-              <template v-else-if="isClientOnline(client.email)">{{ t('online') }}</template>
-              <template v-else>{{ t('offline') }}</template>
-            </template>
-            <a-badge :color="statusBadgeColor(client)" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <div class="client-id-stack">
-            <a-tooltip :title="client.email">
-              <span class="client-email">{{ client.email }}</span>
-            </a-tooltip>
-            <span v-if="client.comment && client.comment.trim()" class="client-comment">
-              {{ client.comment.length > 50 ? client.comment.substring(0, 47) + '…' : client.comment }}
-            </span>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="cell cell-traffic">
-          <a-popover>
-            <template v-if="client.email" #content>
-              <table cellpadding="2">
-                <tbody>
-                  <tr>
-                    <td>↑ {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getUp(client.email)) }}</td>
-                    <td>↓ {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getDown(client.email)) }}</td>
-                  </tr>
-                  <tr v-if="client.totalGB > 0">
-                    <td>{{ t('remained') }}</td>
-                    <td>{{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getRem(client.email)) }}</td>
-                  </tr>
-                </tbody>
-              </table>
-            </template>
-            <div class="usage-bar">
-              <span class="usage-text">{{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getSum(client.email)) }}</span>
-              <a-progress v-if="!client.enable" :stroke-color="isDarkTheme ? 'rgb(72,84,105)' : '#bcbcbc'"
-                :show-info="false" :percent="statsProgress(client.email)" size="small" />
-              <a-progress v-else-if="client.totalGB > 0" :stroke-color="clientStatsColor(client.email)"
-                :show-info="false" :status="isClientDepleted(client.email) ? 'exception' : ''"
-                :percent="statsProgress(client.email)" size="small" />
-              <a-progress v-else :show-info="false" :percent="100" stroke-color="#722ed1" size="small" />
-              <span class="usage-text">
-                <InfinityIcon v-if="isUnlimitedTotal(client)" />
-                <template v-else>{{ totalGbDisplay(client) }}</template>
-              </span>
-            </div>
-          </a-popover>
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="cell cell-remained">
-          <a-tag v-if="isUnlimitedTotal(client)" color="purple" :style="{ border: 'none' }" class="infinite-tag">
-            <InfinityIcon />
-          </a-tag>
-          <a-tag v-else :color="isClientDepleted(client.email) ? 'red' : ''">
-            {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getRem(client.email)) }}
-          </a-tag>
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="cell cell-expiry">
-          <template v-if="client.expiryTime !== 0 && client.reset > 0">
-            <a-popover>
-              <template #content>
-                <span v-if="client.expiryTime < 0">{{ t('pages.clients.delayedStart') }}</span>
-                <span v-else>{{ IntlUtil.formatDate(client.expiryTime, datepicker) }}</span>
-              </template>
-              <div class="usage-bar">
-                <span class="usage-text">{{ IntlUtil.formatRelativeTime(client.expiryTime) }}</span>
-                <a-progress :show-info="false" :status="isClientDepleted(client.email) ? 'exception' : ''"
-                  :percent="expireProgress(client.expiryTime, client.reset)" size="small" />
-                <span class="usage-text">{{ client.reset }}d</span>
-              </div>
-            </a-popover>
-          </template>
-          <a-popover v-else-if="client.expiryTime !== 0">
-            <template #content>
-              <span v-if="client.expiryTime < 0">{{ t('pages.clients.delayedStart') }}</span>
-              <span v-else>{{ IntlUtil.formatDate(client.expiryTime) }}</span>
-            </template>
-            <a-tag :style="{ minWidth: '50px', border: 'none' }"
-              :color="ColorUtils.userExpiryColor(expireDiff, client, isDarkTheme)">
-              {{ IntlUtil.formatRelativeTime(client.expiryTime) }}
-            </a-tag>
-          </a-popover>
-          <a-tag v-else :color="ColorUtils.userExpiryColor(expireDiff, client, isDarkTheme)" :style="{ border: 'none' }"
-            class="infinite-tag">
-            <InfinityIcon />
-          </a-tag>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </template>
-
-    <!-- ====================== Mobile: card list ======================= -->
-    <template v-else>
-      <div v-for="client in paginatedClients" :key="rowKey(client)" class="client-card"
-        :class="{ 'is-selected': isSelected(rowKey(client)) }">
-        <div class="client-card-head">
-          <a-checkbox v-if="isRemovable" :checked="isSelected(rowKey(client))"
-            @change="(e) => toggleSelect(rowKey(client), e.target.checked)" />
-          <a-tooltip>
-            <template #title>
-              <template v-if="isClientDepleted(client.email)">{{ t('depleted') }}</template>
-              <template v-else-if="!client.enable">{{ t('disabled') }}</template>
-              <template v-else-if="isClientOnline(client.email)">{{ t('online') }}</template>
-              <template v-else>{{ t('offline') }}</template>
-            </template>
-            <a-badge :color="statusBadgeColor(client)" />
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <a-tooltip :title="client.email">
-            <span class="client-email">{{ client.email }}</span>
-          </a-tooltip>
-          <div class="client-card-actions">
-            <a-tooltip :title="t('info')">
-              <InfoCircleOutlined class="row-icon" @click="openStats(client)" />
-            </a-tooltip>
-            <a-switch :checked="client.enable" size="small"
-              @change="(next) => emit('toggle-enable-client', { dbInbound, client, next })" />
-            <a-dropdown :trigger="['click']" placement="bottomRight">
-              <EllipsisOutlined class="row-icon" @click.prevent />
-              <template #overlay>
-                <a-menu>
-                  <a-menu-item v-if="dbInbound.hasLink()" @click="emit('qrcode-client', { dbInbound, client })">
-                    <QrcodeOutlined /> {{ t('qrCode') }}
-                  </a-menu-item>
-                  <a-menu-item @click="emit('edit-client', { dbInbound, client })">
-                    <EditOutlined /> {{ t('edit') }}
-                  </a-menu-item>
-                  <a-menu-item @click="emit('info-client', { dbInbound, client })">
-                    <InfoCircleOutlined /> {{ t('info') }}
-                  </a-menu-item>
-                  <a-menu-item v-if="client.email" @click="confirmReset(client)">
-                    <RetweetOutlined /> {{ t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic') }}
-                  </a-menu-item>
-                  <a-menu-item v-if="isRemovable" @click="confirmDelete(client)">
-                    <DeleteOutlined /> <span class="danger">{{ t('delete') }}</span>
-                  </a-menu-item>
-                </a-menu>
-              </template>
-            </a-dropdown>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </div>
-
-      <a-modal :open="!!statsClient" :footer="null" :width="360" centered
-        :title="statsClient ? statsClient.email || t('info') : ''" @cancel="closeStats">
-        <div v-if="statsClient" class="client-card-foot">
-          <div v-if="statsClient.comment && statsClient.comment.trim()" class="client-comment-line">
-            {{ statsClient.comment }}
-          </div>
-          <div class="stat-row">
-            <span class="stat-label">{{ t('pages.inbounds.traffic') }}</span>
-            <a-tag :color="clientStatsColor(statsClient.email)">
-              {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getSum(statsClient.email)) }} /
-              <InfinityIcon v-if="isUnlimitedTotal(statsClient)" />
-              <template v-else>{{ totalGbDisplay(statsClient) }}</template>
-            </a-tag>
-          </div>
-          <div class="stat-row">
-            <span class="stat-label">{{ t('remained') }}</span>
-            <a-tag v-if="isUnlimitedTotal(statsClient)" color="purple" :style="{ border: 'none' }" class="infinite-tag">
-              <InfinityIcon />
-            </a-tag>
-            <a-tag v-else :color="isClientDepleted(statsClient.email) ? 'red' : ''">
-              {{ SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(getRem(statsClient.email)) }}
-            </a-tag>
-          </div>
-          <div class="stat-row">
-            <span class="stat-label">{{ t('online') }}</span>
-            <a-tag v-if="statsClient.enable && isClientOnline(statsClient.email)" color="green">{{ t('online')
-              }}</a-tag>
-            <a-tag v-else>{{ t('offline') }}</a-tag>
-          </div>
-          <div class="stat-row">
-            <span class="stat-label">{{ t('pages.inbounds.expireDate') }}</span>
-            <a-tag v-if="statsClient.expiryTime > 0"
-              :color="ColorUtils.userExpiryColor(expireDiff, statsClient, isDarkTheme)">
-              {{ IntlUtil.formatRelativeTime(statsClient.expiryTime) }}
-            </a-tag>
-            <a-tag v-else-if="statsClient.expiryTime < 0" color="green">
-              {{ -statsClient.expiryTime / 86400000 }}d ({{ t('pages.clients.delayedStart') }})
-            </a-tag>
-            <a-tag v-else color="purple">
-              <InfinityIcon />
-            </a-tag>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </a-modal>
-    </template>
-
-    <a-pagination v-if="pageSize > 0 && clients.length > pageSize" v-model:current="currentPage" :page-size="pageSize"
-      :total="clients.length" :show-size-changer="false" size="small" class="client-list-pagination" />
-  </div>
-</template>
-
-<style scoped>
-.client-list {
-  margin: -8px 0;
-  font-size: 13px;
-}
-
-.bulk-bar {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 12px;
-  padding: 6px 16px;
-  background: rgba(22, 119, 255, 0.08);
-  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(22, 119, 255, 0.18);
-}
-
-.bulk-count {
-  font-weight: 500;
-  font-size: 13px;
-}
-
-.is-selected {
-  background: rgba(22, 119, 255, 0.06);
-}
-
-.client-row {
-  display: grid;
-  /* Default — no select column (single-client inbounds). The .has-select
-   * modifier below prepends the 40px checkbox column. */
-  grid-template-columns:
-    140px
-    /* actions */
-    60px
-    /* enable */
-    80px
-    /* online */
-    minmax(160px, 2fr)
-    /* client identity */
-    minmax(160px, 2fr)
-    /* traffic */
-    130px
-    /* remained */
-    140px;
-  /* expiry */
-  gap: 12px;
-  align-items: center;
-  padding: 8px 16px;
-  border-top: 1px solid rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.12);
-}
-
-.client-list.has-select .client-row {
-  grid-template-columns:
-    40px
-    /* select */
-    140px
-    /* actions */
-    60px
-    /* enable */
-    80px
-    /* online */
-    minmax(160px, 2fr)
-    /* client identity */
-    minmax(160px, 2fr)
-    /* traffic */
-    130px
-    /* remained */
-    140px;
-  /* expiry */
-}
-
-.client-row:last-child {
-  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.12);
-}
-
-.client-list-header {
-  font-weight: 500;
-  font-size: 12px;
-  opacity: 0.65;
-  padding-top: 6px;
-  padding-bottom: 6px;
-  border-top: none;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
-}
-
-.cell {
-  min-width: 0;
-  /* allow grid children to shrink instead of overflowing */
-}
-
-.cell-select,
-.cell-actions,
-.cell-enable,
-.cell-online,
-.cell-remained {
-  text-align: center;
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: center;
-  gap: 6px;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-}
-
-.cell-actions {
-  justify-content: flex-start;
-}
-
-.cell-client {
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 6px;
-  min-width: 0;
-}
-
-.cell-traffic,
-.cell-expiry {
-  text-align: center;
-}
-
-.client-list-header .cell {
-  text-align: center;
-}
-
-.client-list-header .cell-actions,
-.client-list-header .cell-client {
-  text-align: left;
-}
-
-/* Action icons */
-.row-icon {
-  font-size: 16px;
-  cursor: pointer;
-  padding: 0 2px;
-  color: inherit;
-  transition: color 120ms ease;
-}
-
-.row-icon:hover {
-  color: var(--ant-color-primary, #1677ff);
-}
-
-.row-icon.danger {
-  color: #ff4d4f;
-}
-
-.danger {
-  color: #ff4d4f;
-}
-
-/* Client identity stack (badge + email + comment) */
-.client-id-stack {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 2px;
-  min-width: 0;
-  overflow: hidden;
-}
-
-.client-email {
-  font-weight: 500;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  display: inline-block;
-}
-
-.client-comment {
-  font-size: 11px;
-  opacity: 0.7;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-  display: inline-block;
-}
-
-/* Traffic / expiry inline bar:  text  |  progress  |  text */
-.usage-bar {
-  display: grid;
-  grid-template-columns: minmax(50px, auto) minmax(40px, 1fr) minmax(40px, auto);
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-
-.usage-text {
-  font-size: 12px;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.usage-bar :deep(.ant-progress) {
-  margin: 0;
-  line-height: 1;
-}
-
-.infinite-tag {
-  min-width: 50px;
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: center;
-}
-
-/* Strip AD-Vue's default expanded-cell padding so the desktop grid
- * sits flush against the inbound row's left/right edges. */
-:deep(.ant-table-expanded-row > .ant-table-cell) {
-  padding: 0 !important;
-}
-
-.client-list-pagination {
-  display: flex;
-  justify-content: center;
-  padding: 10px 16px 4px;
-}
-
-/* ===== Mobile card list =========================================== */
-.client-list.is-mobile {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 8px;
-  margin: 0;
-}
-
-.client-card {
-  border: 1px solid rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.18);
-  border-radius: 8px;
-  padding: 10px 12px;
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-
-:global(body.dark) .client-card {
-  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
-}
-
-.client-card-head {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 8px;
-  min-width: 0;
-}
-
-.client-card-head .client-email {
-  flex: 1;
-  min-width: 0;
-  font-size: 14px;
-  font-weight: 500;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-}
-
-.client-card-actions {
-  margin-left: auto;
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  gap: 8px;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-}
-
-.client-card-actions .row-icon {
-  font-size: 20px;
-  padding: 4px;
-}
-
-.client-comment-line {
-  font-size: 11px;
-  opacity: 0.7;
-  white-space: nowrap;
-  overflow: hidden;
-  text-overflow: ellipsis;
-}
-
-.client-card-foot {
-  display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
-  gap: 4px;
-}
-
-.client-card-foot .stat-row {
-  display: flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  flex-wrap: wrap;
-  gap: 6px;
-}
-
-.client-card-foot .stat-label {
-  font-size: 10px;
-  text-transform: uppercase;
-  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
-  opacity: 0.6;
-  min-width: 96px;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-}
-
-.client-card-foot :deep(.ant-tag) {
-  margin: 0;
-}
-
-/* Bigger status badge for thumb-readable state at a glance. */
-.client-card-head :deep(.ant-badge-status-dot) {
-  width: 9px;
-  height: 9px;
-}
-</style>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/CopyClientsModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/CopyClientsModal.vue
deleted file mode 100644
index f3df97b5..00000000
--- a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/CopyClientsModal.vue
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,185 +0,0 @@
-<script setup>
-import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue';
-import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n';
-import { message } from 'ant-design-vue';
-
-import { HttpUtil, SizeFormatter, IntlUtil } from '@/utils';
-import { TLS_FLOW_CONTROL } from '@/models/inbound.js';
-
-const { t } = useI18n();
-
-const props = defineProps({
-  open: { type: Boolean, default: false },
-  dbInbound: { type: Object, default: null },
-  dbInbounds: { type: Array, default: () => [] },
-});
-
-const emit = defineEmits(['update:open', 'saved']);
-
-const FLOW_OPTIONS = Object.values(TLS_FLOW_CONTROL);
-
-const sourceInboundId = ref(null);
-const selectedEmails = ref([]);
-const flow = ref('');
-const saving = ref(false);
-
-const sources = computed(() => {
-  if (!props.dbInbound) return [];
-  return props.dbInbounds
-    .filter(
-      (row) =>
-        row.id !== props.dbInbound.id &&
-        typeof row.isMultiUser === 'function' &&
-        row.isMultiUser(),
-    )
-    .map((row) => {
-      let count = 0;
-      try { count = (row.toInbound().clients || []).length; } catch (_e) { /* ignore */ }
-      return { id: row.id, label: `${row.remark || `#${row.id}`} (${row.protocol}, ${count})` };
-    });
-});
-
-const sourceInbound = computed(() => {
-  if (!sourceInboundId.value) return null;
-  return props.dbInbounds.find((r) => r.id === sourceInboundId.value) || null;
-});
-
-const sourceClients = computed(() => {
-  const sb = sourceInbound.value;
-  if (!sb) return [];
-  let list = [];
-  try { list = sb.toInbound().clients || []; } catch (_e) { /* ignore */ }
-  const stats = new Map((sb.clientStats || []).map((s) => [s.email, s]));
-  return list
-    .filter((c) => c.email)
-    .map((c) => {
-      const s = stats.get(c.email);
-      const used = s ? (s.up || 0) + (s.down || 0) : 0;
-      let expiryLabel = t('unlimited');
-      if (c.expiryTime > 0) expiryLabel = IntlUtil.formatDate(c.expiryTime);
-      else if (c.expiryTime < 0) expiryLabel = `${-c.expiryTime / 86400000}d`;
-      return { email: c.email, trafficLabel: SizeFormatter.sizeFormat(used), expiryLabel };
-    });
-});
-
-const showFlow = computed(() => {
-  if (!props.dbInbound) return false;
-  try {
-    const inb = props.dbInbound.toInbound();
-    return !!(inb && typeof inb.canEnableTlsFlow === 'function' && inb.canEnableTlsFlow());
-  } catch (_e) { return false; }
-});
-
-const columns = computed(() => [
-  { title: t('pages.inbounds.email'), dataIndex: 'email', width: 280 },
-  { title: t('pages.inbounds.traffic'), dataIndex: 'trafficLabel', width: 140 },
-  { title: t('pages.inbounds.expireDate'), dataIndex: 'expiryLabel', width: 160 },
-]);
-
-const rowSelection = computed(() => ({
-  selectedRowKeys: selectedEmails.value,
-  onChange: (keys) => { selectedEmails.value = keys; },
-}));
-
-const title = computed(() => {
-  if (!props.dbInbound) return t('pages.clients.copyFromInbound');
-  const target = props.dbInbound.remark || `#${props.dbInbound.id}`;
-  return `${t('pages.clients.copyToInbound')} ${target}`;
-});
-
-watch(() => props.open, (next) => {
-  if (!next) return;
-  sourceInboundId.value = null;
-  selectedEmails.value = [];
-  flow.value = '';
-  saving.value = false;
-});
-
-watch(sourceInboundId, () => {
-  selectedEmails.value = [];
-});
-
-function selectAll() {
-  selectedEmails.value = sourceClients.value.map((c) => c.email);
-}
-function clearAll() {
-  selectedEmails.value = [];
-}
-
-async function ok() {
-  if (!sourceInboundId.value) {
-    message.error(t('pages.clients.copySelectSourceFirst'));
-    return;
-  }
-  if (!props.dbInbound) return;
-  saving.value = true;
-  try {
-    const payload = {
-      sourceInboundId: sourceInboundId.value,
-      clientEmails: selectedEmails.value,
-    };
-    if (showFlow.value && flow.value) payload.flow = flow.value;
-    const msg = await HttpUtil.post(
-      `/panel/api/inbounds/${props.dbInbound.id}/copyClients`,
-      payload,
-    );
-    if (!msg?.success) return;
-    const obj = msg.obj || {};
-    const addedCount = (obj.added || []).length;
-    const errorList = obj.errors || [];
-    if (addedCount > 0) {
-      message.success(`${t('pages.clients.copyResultSuccess')}: ${addedCount}`);
-    } else {
-      message.warning(t('pages.clients.copyResultNone'));
-    }
-    if (errorList.length > 0) {
-      message.error(`${t('pages.clients.copyResultErrors')}: ${errorList.join('; ')}`);
-    }
-    emit('saved');
-    emit('update:open', false);
-  } finally {
-    saving.value = false;
-  }
-}
-
-function close() {
-  if (saving.value) return;
-  emit('update:open', false);
-}
-</script>
-
-<template>
-  <a-modal :open="open" :title="title" :ok-text="t('pages.clients.copySelected')" :cancel-text="t('close')"
-    :confirm-loading="saving" :mask-closable="false" width="720px" @ok="ok" @cancel="close">
-    <a-space direction="vertical" :style="{ width: '100%' }">
-      <div>
-        <div :style="{ marginBottom: '6px' }">{{ t('pages.clients.copySource') }}</div>
-        <a-select v-model:value="sourceInboundId" :style="{ width: '100%' }" allow-clear>
-          <a-select-option v-for="item in sources" :key="item.id" :value="item.id">
-            {{ item.label }}
-          </a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-      </div>
-
-      <div v-if="sourceInboundId">
-        <a-space :style="{ marginBottom: '8px' }">
-          <a-button size="small" @click="selectAll">{{ t('pages.clients.selectAll') }}</a-button>
-          <a-button size="small" @click="clearAll">{{ t('pages.clients.clearAll') }}</a-button>
-        </a-space>
-        <a-table :columns="columns" :data-source="sourceClients" :pagination="false" size="small"
-          :row-key="(r) => r.email" :row-selection="rowSelection" :scroll="{ y: 280 }" />
-      </div>
-
-      <div v-if="showFlow">
-        <div :style="{ marginBottom: '6px' }">{{ t('pages.clients.copyFlowLabel') }}</div>
-        <a-select v-model:value="flow" :style="{ width: '100%' }" allow-clear>
-          <a-select-option value="">{{ t('none') }}</a-select-option>
-          <a-select-option v-for="key in FLOW_OPTIONS" :key="key" :value="key">{{ key }}</a-select-option>
-        </a-select>
-        <div :style="{ marginTop: '4px', fontSize: '12px', opacity: 0.7 }">
-          {{ t('pages.clients.copyFlowHint') }}
-        </div>
-      </div>
-    </a-space>
-  </a-modal>
-</template>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundList.vue b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundList.vue
index 0a50ab9d..00352c26 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundList.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundList.vue
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ import {
   MoreOutlined,
   EditOutlined,
   QrcodeOutlined,
-  UserAddOutlined,
-  UsergroupAddOutlined,
   CopyOutlined,
   FileDoneOutlined,
   ExportOutlined,
@@ -21,14 +19,12 @@ import {
   BlockOutlined,
   DeleteOutlined,
   InfoCircleOutlined,
-  RightOutlined,
 } from '@ant-design/icons-vue';
 
 import { HttpUtil, ObjectUtil, SizeFormatter, IntlUtil, ColorUtils } from '@/utils';
 import { DBInbound } from '@/models/dbinbound.js';
 import { Inbound } from '@/models/inbound.js';
 import InfinityIcon from '@/components/InfinityIcon.vue';
-import ClientRowTable from './ClientRowTable.vue';
 import { useDatepicker } from '@/composables/useDatepicker.js';
 
 const { datepicker } = useDatepicker();
@@ -58,14 +54,6 @@ const emit = defineEmits([
   'add-inbound',
   'general-action',
   'row-action',
-  // Per-client events surfaced from the expand-row table.
-  'edit-client',
-  'qrcode-client',
-  'info-client',
-  'reset-traffic-client',
-  'delete-client',
-  'delete-clients',
-  'toggle-enable-client',
 ]);
 
 // ============ Toolbar / search & filter =============================
@@ -249,19 +237,6 @@ const desktopColumns = computed(() => {
 });
 const columns = computed(() => desktopColumns.value);
 
-// Mobile expansion state — replaces a-table's expandable() since the
-// mobile branch renders a hand-rolled card list rather than a table.
-const expandedIds = ref(new Set());
-function toggleExpanded(id) {
-  const next = new Set(expandedIds.value);
-  if (next.has(id)) next.delete(id);
-  else next.add(id);
-  expandedIds.value = next;
-}
-function isExpanded(id) {
-  return expandedIds.value.has(id);
-}
-
 const statsRecord = ref(null);
 function openStats(record) {
   statsRecord.value = record;
@@ -395,10 +370,8 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
         <div v-if="visibleInbounds.length === 0" class="card-empty">—</div>
 
         <div v-for="record in sortedInbounds" :key="record.id" class="inbound-card">
-          <!-- Header: chevron (multi-user only) + id + remark + info + enable + actions -->
-          <div class="card-head" @click="record.isMultiUser() && toggleExpanded(record.id)">
-            <RightOutlined v-if="record.isMultiUser()" class="card-expand"
-              :class="{ 'is-expanded': isExpanded(record.id) }" />
+          <!-- Header: id + remark + info + enable + actions -->
+          <div class="card-head">
             <span class="card-id">#{{ record.id }}</span>
             <span class="tag-name">{{ record.remark }}</span>
             <div class="card-actions" @click.stop>
@@ -417,15 +390,6 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
                       <QrcodeOutlined /> {{ t('qrCode') }}
                     </a-menu-item>
                     <template v-if="record.isMultiUser()">
-                      <a-menu-item key="addClient">
-                        <UserAddOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.add') }}
-                      </a-menu-item>
-                      <a-menu-item key="addBulkClient">
-                        <UsergroupAddOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.bulk') }}
-                      </a-menu-item>
-                      <a-menu-item key="copyClients">
-                        <CopyOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.copyFromInbound') }}
-                      </a-menu-item>
                       <a-menu-item key="resetClients">
                         <FileDoneOutlined /> {{ t('pages.inbounds.resetInboundClientTraffics') }}
                       </a-menu-item>
@@ -461,18 +425,6 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
               </a-dropdown>
             </div>
           </div>
-
-          <!-- Expanded client list (multi-user only) -->
-          <div v-if="record.isMultiUser() && isExpanded(record.id)" class="card-clients">
-            <ClientRowTable :db-inbound="record" :is-mobile="true" :traffic-diff="trafficDiff" :expire-diff="expireDiff"
-              :online-clients="onlineClients" :last-online-map="lastOnlineMap" :is-dark-theme="isDarkTheme"
-              :page-size="pageSize" :total-client-count="clientCount[record.id]?.clients || 0"
-              :stats-version="statsVersion" @edit-client="(p) => emit('edit-client', p)"
-              @qrcode-client="(p) => emit('qrcode-client', p)" @info-client="(p) => emit('info-client', p)"
-              @reset-traffic-client="(p) => emit('reset-traffic-client', p)"
-              @delete-client="(p) => emit('delete-client', p)" @delete-clients="(p) => emit('delete-clients', p)"
-              @toggle-enable-client="(p) => emit('toggle-enable-client', p)" />
-          </div>
         </div>
       </div>
 
@@ -542,21 +494,7 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
       <!-- ====================== Desktop: a-table ======================== -->
       <a-table v-else :columns="columns" :data-source="sortedInbounds" :row-key="(r) => r.id"
         :pagination="paginationFor(sortedInbounds)" :scroll="{ x: 1000 }" :style="{ marginTop: '10px' }" size="small"
-        :row-class-name="(r) => (r.isMultiUser() ? '' : 'hide-expand-icon')" @change="onTableChange">
-        <!-- Per-inbound client list, expanded by clicking the row's
-             default expand chevron. Hidden via row-class-name for
-             non-multi-user inbounds (matches legacy behavior). -->
-        <template #expandedRowRender="{ record }">
-          <ClientRowTable v-if="record.isMultiUser()" :db-inbound="record" :is-mobile="isMobile"
-            :traffic-diff="trafficDiff" :expire-diff="expireDiff" :online-clients="onlineClients"
-            :last-online-map="lastOnlineMap" :is-dark-theme="isDarkTheme" :page-size="pageSize"
-            :total-client-count="clientCount[record.id]?.clients || 0" :stats-version="statsVersion"
-            @edit-client="(p) => emit('edit-client', p)" @qrcode-client="(p) => emit('qrcode-client', p)"
-            @info-client="(p) => emit('info-client', p)" @reset-traffic-client="(p) => emit('reset-traffic-client', p)"
-            @delete-client="(p) => emit('delete-client', p)" @delete-clients="(p) => emit('delete-clients', p)"
-            @toggle-enable-client="(p) => emit('toggle-enable-client', p)" />
-        </template>
-
+        @change="onTableChange">
         <template #bodyCell="{ column, record }">
           <!-- ============== Action dropdown ============== -->
           <template v-if="column.key === 'action'">
@@ -579,15 +517,6 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
                       <QrcodeOutlined /> {{ t('qrCode') }}
                     </a-menu-item>
                     <template v-if="record.isMultiUser()">
-                      <a-menu-item key="addClient">
-                        <UserAddOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.add') }}
-                      </a-menu-item>
-                      <a-menu-item key="addBulkClient">
-                        <UsergroupAddOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.bulk') }}
-                      </a-menu-item>
-                      <a-menu-item key="copyClients">
-                        <CopyOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.copyFromInbound') }}
-                      </a-menu-item>
                       <a-menu-item key="resetClients">
                         <FileDoneOutlined /> {{ t('pages.inbounds.resetInboundClientTraffics') }}
                       </a-menu-item>
@@ -789,23 +718,6 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
   color: #ff4d4f;
 }
 
-/* Hide the expand chevron on rows whose inbound has no client list
- * (HTTP/Mixed/Tunnel/WireGuard single-config). */
-:deep(.hide-expand-icon .ant-table-row-expand-icon) {
-  visibility: hidden;
-}
-
-/* Push the expand chevron away from the table's left edge so it has
- * a little breathing room instead of being flush against the corner. */
-:deep(.ant-table-tbody .ant-table-cell-with-append) {
-  padding-left: 12px;
-}
-
-:deep(.ant-table-row-expand-icon) {
-  margin-inline-end: 10px;
-  margin-inline-start: 4px;
-}
-
 /* Round the table's outer corners — AD-Vue gives .ant-table the radius
  * token, but the inner header strip and footer touch the edges, so clip
  * them here. */
@@ -890,17 +802,6 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
   flex-shrink: 0;
 }
 
-.card-expand {
-  font-size: 12px;
-  opacity: 0.6;
-  transition: transform 150ms ease;
-  flex-shrink: 0;
-}
-
-.card-expand.is-expanded {
-  transform: rotate(90deg);
-}
-
 .card-stats {
   display: flex;
   flex-direction: column;
@@ -927,11 +828,6 @@ function showQrCodeMenu(dbInbound) {
   margin: 0;
 }
 
-.card-clients {
-  margin-top: 4px;
-  padding-top: 8px;
-  border-top: 1px solid rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.15);
-}
 
 .card-empty {
   text-align: center;
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundsPage.vue b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundsPage.vue
index e2a7cf7e..efd0ec9c 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundsPage.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/inbounds/InboundsPage.vue
@@ -18,9 +18,6 @@ import CustomStatistic from '@/components/CustomStatistic.vue';
 import { useNodeList } from '@/composables/useNodeList.js';
 import InboundList from './InboundList.vue';
 import InboundFormModal from './InboundFormModal.vue';
-import ClientFormModal from './ClientFormModal.vue';
-import ClientBulkModal from './ClientBulkModal.vue';
-import CopyClientsModal from './CopyClientsModal.vue';
 import InboundInfoModal from './InboundInfoModal.vue';
 import QrCodeModal from './QrCodeModal.vue';
 import TextModal from '@/components/TextModal.vue';
@@ -81,17 +78,6 @@ const formOpen = ref(false);
 const formMode = ref('add');
 const formDbInbound = ref(null);
 
-// === Client modal (single + bulk) =====================================
-const clientOpen = ref(false);
-const clientMode = ref('add');
-const clientDbInbound = ref(null);
-const clientIndex = ref(null);
-
-const bulkOpen = ref(false);
-const bulkDbInbound = ref(null);
-const copyOpen = ref(false);
-const copyDbInbound = ref(null);
-
 // === Info / QR-code modals ===========================================
 const infoOpen = ref(false);
 const infoDbInbound = ref(null);
@@ -283,73 +269,6 @@ function findClientIndex(dbInbound, client) {
   return idx >= 0 ? idx : 0;
 }
 
-function getClientId(protocol, client) {
-  switch (protocol) {
-    case 'trojan': return client.password;
-    case 'shadowsocks': return client.email;
-    case 'hysteria': return client.auth;
-    default: return client.id;
-  }
-}
-
-// === Per-client handlers (called from the expand-row table) =========
-function onEditClient({ dbInbound, client }) {
-  clientMode.value = 'edit';
-  clientDbInbound.value = dbInbound;
-  clientIndex.value = findClientIndex(dbInbound, client);
-  clientOpen.value = true;
-}
-
-function onQrcodeClient({ dbInbound, client }) {
-  qrDbInbound.value = checkFallback(dbInbound);
-  qrClient.value = client || null;
-  qrOpen.value = true;
-}
-
-function onInfoClient({ dbInbound, client }) {
-  infoDbInbound.value = checkFallback(dbInbound);
-  infoClientIndex.value = findClientIndex(dbInbound, client);
-  infoOpen.value = true;
-}
-
-async function onResetTrafficClient({ dbInbound, client }) {
-  const msg = await HttpUtil.post(
-    `/panel/api/inbounds/${dbInbound.id}/resetClientTraffic/${client.email}`,
-  );
-  if (msg?.success) await refresh();
-}
-
-async function onDeleteClient({ dbInbound, client }) {
-  const clientId = getClientId(dbInbound.protocol, client);
-  const msg = await HttpUtil.post(`/panel/api/inbounds/${dbInbound.id}/delClient/${clientId}`);
-  if (msg?.success) await refresh();
-}
-
-async function onDeleteClients({ dbInbound, clients }) {
-  for (const client of clients) {
-    const clientId = getClientId(dbInbound.protocol, client);
-    await HttpUtil.post(`/panel/api/inbounds/${dbInbound.id}/delClient/${clientId}`);
-  }
-  await refresh();
-}
-
-async function onToggleEnableClient({ dbInbound, client, next }) {
-  // Mirror legacy: clone the parsed inbound, flip enable on the matching
-  // client, and post the whole client back through updateClient. This
-  // keeps the wire shape identical to the modal save path.
-  const inbound = dbInbound.toInbound();
-  const clients = inbound?.clients || [];
-  const idx = findClientIndex(dbInbound, client);
-  if (idx < 0 || !clients[idx]) return;
-  clients[idx].enable = next;
-  const clientId = getClientId(dbInbound.protocol, clients[idx]);
-  const msg = await HttpUtil.post(`/panel/api/inbounds/updateClient/${clientId}`, {
-    id: dbInbound.id,
-    settings: `{"clients": [${clients[idx].toString()}]}`,
-  });
-  if (msg?.success) await refresh();
-}
-
 function onAddInbound() {
   formMode.value = 'add';
   formDbInbound.value = null;
@@ -362,18 +281,6 @@ function openEdit(dbInbound) {
   formOpen.value = true;
 }
 
-function openAddClient(dbInbound) {
-  clientMode.value = 'add';
-  clientDbInbound.value = dbInbound;
-  clientIndex.value = null;
-  clientOpen.value = true;
-}
-
-function openAddBulkClient(dbInbound) {
-  bulkDbInbound.value = dbInbound;
-  bulkOpen.value = true;
-}
-
 // Per-row destructive actions go through Modal.confirm (matches legacy).
 function confirmDelete(dbInbound) {
   Modal.confirm({
@@ -492,12 +399,6 @@ function onRowAction({ key, dbInbound }) {
     case 'edit':
       openEdit(dbInbound);
       break;
-    case 'addClient':
-      openAddClient(dbInbound);
-      break;
-    case 'addBulkClient':
-      openAddBulkClient(dbInbound);
-      break;
     case 'showInfo':
       infoDbInbound.value = checkFallback(dbInbound);
       infoClientIndex.value = findClientIndex(dbInbound, null);
@@ -517,10 +418,6 @@ function onRowAction({ key, dbInbound }) {
     case 'clipboard':
       exportInboundClipboard(dbInbound);
       break;
-    case 'copyClients':
-      copyDbInbound.value = dbInbound;
-      copyOpen.value = true;
-      break;
     case 'delete':
       confirmDelete(dbInbound);
       break;
@@ -642,10 +539,7 @@ function onRowAction({ key, dbInbound }) {
                   :sub-enable="subSettings.enable" :nodes-by-id="nodesById" :has-active-node="hasActiveNode"
                   :stats-version="statsVersion"
                   @refresh="refresh"
-                  @add-inbound="onAddInbound" @general-action="onGeneralAction" @row-action="onRowAction"
-                  @edit-client="onEditClient" @qrcode-client="onQrcodeClient" @info-client="onInfoClient"
-                  @reset-traffic-client="onResetTrafficClient" @delete-client="onDeleteClient"
-                  @delete-clients="onDeleteClients" @toggle-enable-client="onToggleEnableClient" />
+                  @add-inbound="onAddInbound" @general-action="onGeneralAction" @row-action="onRowAction" />
               </a-col>
             </a-row>
           </a-spin>
@@ -654,13 +548,6 @@ function onRowAction({ key, dbInbound }) {
 
       <InboundFormModal v-model:open="formOpen" :mode="formMode" :db-inbound="formDbInbound"
         :db-inbounds="dbInbounds" @saved="refresh" />
-      <ClientFormModal v-model:open="clientOpen" :mode="clientMode" :db-inbound="clientDbInbound"
-        :client-index="clientIndex" :sub-enable="subSettings.enable" :tg-bot-enable="tgBotEnable"
-        :ip-limit-enable="ipLimitEnable" :traffic-diff="trafficDiff" @saved="refresh" />
-      <ClientBulkModal v-model:open="bulkOpen" :db-inbound="bulkDbInbound" :sub-enable="subSettings.enable"
-        :tg-bot-enable="tgBotEnable" :ip-limit-enable="ipLimitEnable" @saved="refresh" />
-      <CopyClientsModal v-model:open="copyOpen" :db-inbound="copyDbInbound" :db-inbounds="dbInbounds"
-        @saved="refresh" />
       <InboundInfoModal v-model:open="infoOpen" :db-inbound="infoDbInbound" :client-index="infoClientIndex"
         :remark-model="remarkModel" :expire-diff="expireDiff" :traffic-diff="trafficDiff"
         :ip-limit-enable="ipLimitEnable" :tg-bot-enable="tgBotEnable" :sub-settings="subSettings"