diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientBulkAddModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientBulkAddModal.vue
index f0debc61..dabbc83f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientBulkAddModal.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientBulkAddModal.vue
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ function buildEmails() {
 
 async function submit() {
   if (!Array.isArray(form.inboundIds) || form.inboundIds.length === 0) {
-    message.error(t('pages.clients.selectInbound') || 'Select one or more inbounds.');
+    message.error(t('pages.clients.selectInbound'));
     return;
   }
   const emails = buildEmails();
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ async function submit() {
       else failed++;
     }
     if (failed === 0) {
-      message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.bulkCreated', { count: ok }) || `${ok} clients created`);
+      message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.bulkCreated', { count: ok }));
     } else {
-      message.warning(`${ok} created, ${failed} failed`);
+      message.warning(t('pages.clients.toasts.bulkCreatedMixed', { ok, failed }));
     }
     emit('saved');
     close();
@@ -172,10 +172,10 @@ async function submit() {
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <a-modal :open="open" :title="t('pages.clients.bulk') || 'Add Bulk'" :ok-text="t('create')" :cancel-text="t('close')"
+  <a-modal :open="open" :title="t('pages.clients.bulk')" :ok-text="t('create')" :cancel-text="t('close')"
     :confirm-loading="saving" :mask-closable="false" :width="640" @ok="submit" @cancel="close">
     <a-form :colon="false" :label-col="{ sm: { span: 8 } }" :wrapper-col="{ sm: { span: 14 } }">
-      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds') || 'Attached inbounds'" required>
+      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds')" required>
         <a-select v-model:value="form.inboundIds" mode="multiple" :options="inboundOptions"
           :placeholder="t('pages.clients.selectInbound')" :show-search="true"
           :filter-option="(input, option) => (option.label || '').toLowerCase().includes(input.toLowerCase())" />
@@ -219,14 +219,14 @@ async function submit() {
         <a-input v-model:value="form.comment" />
       </a-form-item>
 
-      <a-form-item v-if="showFlow" label="Flow">
+      <a-form-item v-if="showFlow" :label="t('pages.clients.flow')">
         <a-select v-model:value="form.flow" :style="{ width: '220px' }">
-          <a-select-option value="">none</a-select-option>
+          <a-select-option value="">{{ t('none') }}</a-select-option>
           <a-select-option v-for="k in FLOW_OPTIONS" :key="k" :value="k">{{ k }}</a-select-option>
         </a-select>
       </a-form-item>
 
-      <a-form-item v-if="ipLimitEnable" :label="t('pages.clients.limitIp') || 'IP Limit'">
+      <a-form-item v-if="ipLimitEnable" :label="t('pages.clients.limitIp')">
         <a-input-number v-model:value="form.limitIp" :min="0" />
       </a-form-item>
 
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientFormModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientFormModal.vue
index cfbd22ee..7f33f4ca 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientFormModal.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientFormModal.vue
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ function regenerateEmail() {
 
 async function onSubmit() {
   if (!form.email || form.email.trim() === '') {
-    message.error(t('pages.clients.email') + ' *');
+    message.error(`${t('pages.clients.email')} *`);
     return;
   }
   if (!isEdit.value && (!form.inboundIds || form.inboundIds.length === 0)) {
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ async function onSubmit() {
 
 <template>
   <a-modal :open="open" :title="isEdit ? t('pages.clients.editTitle') : t('pages.clients.addTitle')"
-    :destroy-on-close="true" :ok-text="isEdit ? t('save') : t('add')" :cancel-text="t('cancel')"
+    :destroy-on-close="true" :ok-text="isEdit ? t('save') : t('create')" :cancel-text="t('cancel')"
     :ok-button-props="{ loading: submitting }" :width="720" @ok="onSubmit" @cancel="close">
     <a-form layout="vertical" :model="form">
       <a-row :gutter="16">
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ async function onSubmit() {
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.subId') || 'subId'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.subId')">
             <a-input-group compact style="display: flex">
               <a-input v-model:value="form.subId" style="flex: 1" />
               <a-button @click="regenerateSubId">↻</a-button>
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ async function onSubmit() {
 
       <a-row :gutter="16">
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item label="Auth (Hysteria)">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.hysteriaAuth')">
             <a-input-group compact style="display: flex">
               <a-input v-model:value="form.auth" style="flex: 1" />
               <a-button @click="regenerateAuth">↻</a-button>
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ async function onSubmit() {
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.password') || 'Password'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.password')">
             <a-input-group compact style="display: flex">
               <a-input v-model:value="form.password" style="flex: 1" />
               <a-button @click="regeneratePassword">↻</a-button>
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ async function onSubmit() {
 
       <a-row :gutter="16">
         <a-col :span="ipLimitEnable ? 12 : 24">
-          <a-form-item label="UUID">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.uuid')">
             <a-input-group compact style="display: flex">
               <a-input v-model:value="form.uuid" style="flex: 1" />
               <a-button @click="regenerateUUID">↻</a-button>
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ async function onSubmit() {
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
         <a-col v-if="ipLimitEnable" :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.limitIp') || 'IP limit'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.limitIp')">
             <a-input-number v-model:value="form.limitIp" :min="0" style="width: 100%" />
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
@@ -302,12 +302,12 @@ async function onSubmit() {
 
       <a-row :gutter="16">
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.totalGB') || 'Total (GB, 0 = unlimited)'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.totalGB')">
             <a-input-number v-model:value="form.totalGB" :min="0" :step="0.1" style="width: 100%" />
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.expiryTime') || 'Expiry'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.expiryTime')">
             <a-date-picker v-model:value="form.expiryTime" show-time style="width: 100%" />
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
@@ -315,38 +315,38 @@ async function onSubmit() {
 
       <a-row v-if="showFlow || showReverseTag" :gutter="16">
         <a-col v-if="showFlow" :span="12">
-          <a-form-item label="Flow">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.flow')">
             <a-select v-model:value="form.flow">
-              <a-select-option value="">none</a-select-option>
+              <a-select-option value="">{{ t('none') }}</a-select-option>
               <a-select-option v-for="k in FLOW_OPTIONS" :key="k" :value="k">{{ k }}</a-select-option>
             </a-select>
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
         <a-col v-if="showReverseTag" :span="12">
-          <a-form-item label="Reverse tag">
-            <a-input v-model:value="form.reverseTag" placeholder="Optional reverse tag" />
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.reverseTag')">
+            <a-input v-model:value="form.reverseTag" :placeholder="t('pages.clients.reverseTagPlaceholder')" />
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
       </a-row>
 
       <a-row :gutter="16">
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="'Telegram user ID'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.telegramId')">
             <a-input-number v-model:value="form.tgId" :min="0" :controls="false"
-              :placeholder="t('pages.clients.telegramIdPlaceholder') || 'Numeric Telegram user ID (0 = none)'"
+              :placeholder="t('pages.clients.telegramIdPlaceholder')"
               style="width: 100%" />
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
         <a-col :span="12">
-          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.comment') || 'Comment'">
+          <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.comment')">
             <a-input v-model:value="form.comment" />
           </a-form-item>
         </a-col>
       </a-row>
 
-      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds') || 'Attached inbounds'" :required="!isEdit">
+      <a-form-item :label="t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds')" :required="!isEdit">
         <a-select v-model:value="form.inboundIds" mode="multiple" :options="inboundOptions" :show-search="true"
-          :placeholder="t('pages.clients.selectInbound') || 'Select one or more inbounds'"
+          :placeholder="t('pages.clients.selectInbound')"
           :filter-option="(input, option) => (option.label || '').toLowerCase().includes(input.toLowerCase())" />
       </a-form-item>
 
@@ -355,17 +355,17 @@ async function onSubmit() {
         <span style="margin-left: 8px">{{ t('enable') }}</span>
       </a-form-item>
 
-      <a-form-item v-if="isEdit && ipLimitEnable" :label="t('pages.clients.ipLog') || 'IP Log'">
+      <a-form-item v-if="isEdit && ipLimitEnable" :label="t('pages.clients.ipLog')">
         <a-space style="margin-bottom: 8px">
           <a-button size="small" :loading="ipsLoading" @click="loadIps">{{ t('refresh') }}</a-button>
           <a-button size="small" danger :loading="ipsClearing" :disabled="clientIps.length === 0" @click="clearIps">
-            {{ t('clearAll') || 'Clear' }}
+            {{ t('pages.clients.clearAll') }}
           </a-button>
         </a-space>
         <div v-if="clientIps.length > 0">
           <a-tag v-for="(ip, idx) in clientIps" :key="idx" color="blue" style="margin-bottom: 4px">{{ ip }}</a-tag>
         </div>
-        <a-tag v-else>{{ t('tgbot.noIpRecord') || 'No IP record' }}</a-tag>
+        <a-tag v-else>{{ t('tgbot.noIpRecord') }}</a-tag>
       </a-form-item>
     </a-form>
   </a-modal>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientInfoModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientInfoModal.vue
index a7f818d5..8694e8c2 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientInfoModal.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientInfoModal.vue
@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ function close() {
       <table class="info-table block">
         <tbody>
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.online') || 'Online' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.online') }}</td>
             <td>
-              <a-tag v-if="client.enable && isOnline" color="green">{{ t('pages.clients.online') || 'Online' }}</a-tag>
-              <a-tag v-else>{{ t('pages.clients.offline') || 'Offline' }}</a-tag>
+              <a-tag v-if="client.enable && isOnline" color="green">{{ t('pages.clients.online') }}</a-tag>
+              <a-tag v-else>{{ t('pages.clients.offline') }}</a-tag>
               <span class="hint">{{ t('lastOnline') }}: {{ lastOnlineLabel(traffic?.lastOnline) }}</span>
             </td>
           </tr>
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.email') || 'Email' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.email') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag v-if="client.email" color="green">{{ client.email }}</a-tag>
               <a-tag v-else color="red">{{ t('none') }}</a-tag>
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>subId</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.subId') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag class="info-large-tag">{{ client.subId || '-' }}</a-tag>
               <a-button v-if="client.subId" size="small" type="text" @click="copyValue(client.subId)">
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr v-if="client.uuid">
-            <td>UUID</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.uuid') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag class="info-large-tag">{{ client.uuid }}</a-tag>
               <a-button size="small" type="text" @click="copyValue(client.uuid)">
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr v-if="client.auth">
-            <td>Auth</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.auth') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag class="info-large-tag">{{ client.auth }}</a-tag>
               <a-button size="small" type="text" @click="copyValue(client.auth)">
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>Flow</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.flow') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag v-if="client.flow">{{ client.flow }}</a-tag>
               <a-tag v-else color="orange">{{ t('none') }}</a-tag>
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('remained') || 'Remaining' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('remained') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag v-if="remaining < 0" color="purple">∞</a-tag>
               <a-tag v-else :color="remaining > 0 ? '' : 'red'">
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('pages.inbounds.expireDate') || 'Expiry' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.inbounds.expireDate') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag v-if="!client.expiryTime || client.expiryTime <= 0" color="purple">∞</a-tag>
               <a-tag v-else>{{ expiryLabel(client.expiryTime) }}</a-tag>
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>IP limit</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.ipLimit') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag v-if="!client.limitIp">∞</a-tag>
               <a-tag v-else>{{ client.limitIp }}</a-tag>
@@ -221,28 +221,28 @@ function close() {
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('pages.inbounds.createdAt') || 'Created' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.inbounds.createdAt') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag>{{ dateLabel(client.createdAt) }}</a-tag>
             </td>
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('pages.inbounds.updatedAt') || 'Updated' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.inbounds.updatedAt') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag>{{ dateLabel(client.updatedAt) }}</a-tag>
             </td>
           </tr>
 
           <tr v-if="client.comment">
-            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.comment') || 'Comment' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.comment') }}</td>
             <td>
               <a-tag class="info-large-tag">{{ client.comment }}</a-tag>
             </td>
           </tr>
 
           <tr>
-            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds') || 'Attached inbounds' }}</td>
+            <td>{{ t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds') }}</td>
             <td>
               <div class="chips">
                 <a-tag v-for="id in (client.inboundIds || [])" :key="id" color="blue">
@@ -259,10 +259,10 @@ function close() {
       </table>
 
       <template v-if="links.length > 0">
-        <a-divider>{{ t('pages.inbounds.copyLink') || 'URL' }}</a-divider>
+        <a-divider>{{ t('pages.inbounds.copyLink') }}</a-divider>
         <div v-for="(link, idx) in links" :key="idx" class="link-panel">
           <div class="link-panel-header">
-            <a-tag color="green">{{ `${t('pages.clients.link') || 'Link'} ${idx + 1}` }}</a-tag>
+            <a-tag color="green">{{ `${t('pages.clients.link')} ${idx + 1}` }}</a-tag>
             <a-tooltip :title="t('copy')">
               <a-button size="small" @click="copyValue(link)">
                 <template #icon>
@@ -276,10 +276,10 @@ function close() {
       </template>
 
       <template v-if="showSubscription && subLink">
-        <a-divider>{{ t('subscription.title') || 'Subscription info' }}</a-divider>
+        <a-divider>{{ t('subscription.title') }}</a-divider>
         <div class="link-panel">
           <div class="link-panel-header">
-            <a-tag color="green">{{ t('subscription.title') || 'Subscription info' }}</a-tag>
+            <a-tag color="green">{{ t('subscription.title') }}</a-tag>
             <a-tooltip :title="t('copy')">
               <a-button size="small" @click="copyValue(subLink)">
                 <template #icon>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientQrModal.vue b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientQrModal.vue
index 56f1f324..3ae69c3f 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientQrModal.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientQrModal.vue
@@ -67,20 +67,20 @@ function close() {
     @cancel="close">
     <a-spin :spinning="loading">
       <div v-if="!client?.subId && !loading" class="empty">
-        {{ t('pages.clients.noSubId') || 'This client has no subId, no shareable link.' }}
+        {{ t('pages.clients.noSubId') }}
       </div>
       <div v-else-if="!hasAnything && !loading" class="empty">
-        {{ t('pages.clients.noLinks') || 'No shareable links — attach this client to a protocol-capable inbound first.' }}
+        {{ t('pages.clients.noLinks') }}
       </div>
       <a-collapse v-else :active-key="activeKeys" accordion>
-        <a-collapse-panel v-if="subLink" key="sub" :header="t('subscription.title') || 'Subscription info'">
-          <QrPanel :value="subLink" :remark="`${client?.email || ''} — ${t('subscription.title') || 'Subscription'}`" />
+        <a-collapse-panel v-if="subLink" key="sub" :header="t('subscription.title')">
+          <QrPanel :value="subLink" :remark="`${client?.email || ''} — ${t('subscription.title')}`" />
         </a-collapse-panel>
-        <a-collapse-panel v-if="subJsonLink" key="subJson" :header="`${t('subscription.title') || 'Subscription info'} (JSON)`">
+        <a-collapse-panel v-if="subJsonLink" key="subJson" :header="`${t('subscription.title')} (JSON)`">
           <QrPanel :value="subJsonLink" :remark="`${client?.email || ''} — JSON`" />
         </a-collapse-panel>
         <a-collapse-panel v-for="(link, idx) in links" :key="`l${idx}`"
-          :header="`${t('pages.clients.link') || 'Link'} ${idx + 1}`">
+          :header="`${t('pages.clients.link')} ${idx + 1}`">
           <QrPanel :value="link" :remark="`${client?.email || ''} #${idx + 1}`" />
         </a-collapse-panel>
       </a-collapse>
diff --git a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue
index 98752c1c..63bfc624 100644
--- a/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/pages/clients/ClientsPage.vue
@@ -130,10 +130,8 @@ function onBulkDelete() {
   const emails = [...selectedRowKeys.value];
   if (emails.length === 0) return;
   Modal.confirm({
-    title: t('pages.clients.bulkDeleteConfirmTitle', { count: emails.length })
-      || `Delete ${emails.length} clients?`,
-    content: t('pages.clients.bulkDeleteConfirmContent')
-      || 'Each client is removed from every attached inbound and its traffic record is dropped. This cannot be undone.',
+    title: t('pages.clients.bulkDeleteConfirmTitle', { count: emails.length }),
+    content: t('pages.clients.bulkDeleteConfirmContent'),
     okText: t('delete'),
     okType: 'danger',
     cancelText: t('cancel'),
@@ -147,9 +145,9 @@ function onBulkDelete() {
       }
       selectedRowKeys.value = [];
       if (failed === 0) {
-        message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.bulkDeleted', { count: ok }) || `${ok} clients deleted`);
+        message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.bulkDeleted', { count: ok }));
       } else {
-        message.warning(`${ok} deleted, ${failed} failed`);
+        message.warning(t('pages.clients.toasts.bulkDeletedMixed', { ok, failed }));
       }
     },
   });
@@ -161,9 +159,8 @@ async function onBulkAddSaved() {
 
 function onDelDepleted() {
   Modal.confirm({
-    title: t('pages.clients.delDepletedConfirmTitle') || 'Delete depleted clients?',
-    content: t('pages.clients.delDepletedConfirmContent')
-      || 'Removes every client whose traffic quota is exhausted or whose expiry has passed. This cannot be undone.',
+    title: t('pages.clients.delDepletedConfirmTitle'),
+    content: t('pages.clients.delDepletedConfirmContent'),
     okText: t('delete'),
     okType: 'danger',
     cancelText: t('cancel'),
@@ -171,8 +168,7 @@ function onDelDepleted() {
       const msg = await delDepleted();
       if (msg?.success) {
         const deleted = msg.obj?.deleted ?? 0;
-        message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.delDepleted', { count: deleted })
-          || `${deleted} depleted clients deleted`);
+        message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.delDepleted', { count: deleted }));
       }
     },
   });
@@ -311,33 +307,31 @@ function onEdit(row) {
 
 function onDelete(row) {
   Modal.confirm({
-    title: t('pages.clients.deleteConfirmTitle', { email: row.email }) || `Delete ${row.email}?`,
-    content: t('pages.clients.deleteConfirmContent')
-      || 'This removes the client from every attached inbound and drops its traffic record.',
+    title: t('pages.clients.deleteConfirmTitle', { email: row.email }),
+    content: t('pages.clients.deleteConfirmContent'),
     okText: t('delete'),
     okType: 'danger',
     cancelText: t('cancel'),
     onOk: async () => {
       const msg = await remove(row.email);
-      if (msg?.success) message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.deleted') || 'Client deleted');
+      if (msg?.success) message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.deleted'));
     },
   });
 }
 
 function onResetTraffic(row) {
   if (!row?.email || !Array.isArray(row.inboundIds) || row.inboundIds.length === 0) {
-    message.warning(t('pages.clients.resetNotPossible') || 'Attach this client to an inbound first.');
+    message.warning(t('pages.clients.resetNotPossible'));
     return;
   }
   Modal.confirm({
-    title: `${t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic') || 'Reset traffic'} — ${row.email}`,
-    content: t('pages.inbounds.resetTrafficContent')
-      || 'Counters drop to zero. Quota and expiry stay as-is.',
-    okText: t('reset') || 'Reset',
+    title: `${t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic')} — ${row.email}`,
+    content: t('pages.inbounds.resetTrafficContent'),
+    okText: t('reset'),
     cancelText: t('cancel'),
     onOk: async () => {
       const msg = await resetTraffic(row);
-      if (msg?.success) message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.trafficReset') || 'Traffic reset');
+      if (msg?.success) message.success(t('pages.clients.toasts.trafficReset'));
     },
   });
 }
@@ -356,7 +350,7 @@ function onResetAllTraffics() {
   Modal.confirm({
     title: t('pages.clients.resetAllTrafficsTitle'),
     content: t('pages.clients.resetAllTrafficsContent'),
-    okText: t('reset') || 'Reset',
+    okText: t('reset'),
     okType: 'danger',
     cancelText: t('cancel'),
     onOk: async () => {
@@ -479,14 +473,14 @@ function onTableChange(_pag, _filters, sorter) {
 }
 
 const columns = computed(() => [
-  { title: t('pages.clients.actions') || 'Actions', key: 'actions', width: 200 },
-  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.enabled') || 'Enabled', key: 'enable', width: 80 }, 'enable'),
-  { title: t('pages.clients.online') || 'Online', key: 'online', width: 90 },
-  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.client') || 'Client', key: 'email' }, 'email'),
-  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds') || 'Attached inbounds', key: 'inboundIds' }, 'inboundIds'),
-  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.traffic') || 'Traffic', key: 'traffic' }, 'traffic'),
-  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.remaining') || 'Remaining', key: 'remaining', width: 130 }, 'remaining'),
-  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.duration') || 'Duration', key: 'expiryTime' }, 'expiryTime'),
+  { title: t('pages.clients.actions'), key: 'actions', width: 200 },
+  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.enabled'), key: 'enable', width: 80 }, 'enable'),
+  { title: t('pages.clients.online'), key: 'online', width: 90 },
+  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.client'), key: 'email' }, 'email'),
+  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.attachedInbounds'), key: 'inboundIds' }, 'inboundIds'),
+  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.traffic'), key: 'traffic' }, 'traffic'),
+  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.remaining'), key: 'remaining', width: 130 }, 'remaining'),
+  sortableCol({ title: t('pages.clients.duration'), key: 'expiryTime' }, 'expiryTime'),
 ]);
 </script>
 
@@ -497,7 +491,7 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
 
       <a-layout class="content-shell">
         <a-layout-content id="content-layout" class="content-area">
-          <a-spin :spinning="!fetched" :delay="200" tip="Loading…" size="large">
+          <a-spin :spinning="!fetched" :delay="200" :tip="t('loading')" size="large">
             <div v-if="!fetched" class="loading-spacer" />
 
             <a-row v-else :gutter="[isMobile ? 8 : 16, isMobile ? 8 : 12]">
@@ -592,14 +586,13 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                         <template #icon>
                           <UsergroupAddOutlined />
                         </template>
-                        <template v-if="!isMobile">{{ t('pages.clients.bulk') || 'Add Bulk' }}</template>
+                        <template v-if="!isMobile">{{ t('pages.clients.bulk') }}</template>
                       </a-button>
                       <a-button v-if="selectedRowKeys.length > 0" danger size="small" @click="onBulkDelete">
                         <template #icon>
                           <DeleteOutlined />
                         </template>
-                        {{ t('pages.clients.deleteSelected', { count: selectedRowKeys.length })
-                          || `Delete (${selectedRowKeys.length})` }}
+                        {{ t('pages.clients.deleteSelected', { count: selectedRowKeys.length }) }}
                       </a-button>
                       <a-button size="small" @click="onResetAllTraffics">
                         <template #icon>
@@ -611,7 +604,7 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                         <template #icon>
                           <RestOutlined />
                         </template>
-                        <template v-if="!isMobile">{{ t('pages.clients.delDepleted') || 'Delete depleted' }}</template>
+                        <template v-if="!isMobile">{{ t('pages.clients.delDepleted') }}</template>
                       </a-button>
                     </div>
                   </template>
@@ -660,13 +653,13 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                           {{ t('depleted') }}
                         </a-tag>
                         <a-tag v-else-if="record.enable && isOnline(record.email)" color="green">
-                          {{ t('pages.clients.online') || 'Online' }}
+                          {{ t('pages.clients.online') }}
                         </a-tag>
                         <a-tag v-else-if="!record.enable">{{ t('disabled') }}</a-tag>
                         <a-tag v-else-if="clientBucket(record) === 'expiring'" color="orange">
                           {{ t('depletingSoon') }}
                         </a-tag>
-                        <a-tag v-else>{{ t('pages.clients.offline') || 'Offline' }}</a-tag>
+                        <a-tag v-else>{{ t('pages.clients.offline') }}</a-tag>
                       </template>
                       <template v-else-if="column.key === 'inboundIds'">
                         <a-tag v-for="id in record.inboundIds" :key="id" color="blue" style="margin: 2px">
@@ -694,27 +687,27 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                       </template>
                       <template v-else-if="column.key === 'actions'">
                         <a-space :size="4">
-                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.qrCode') || 'QR Code'">
+                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.qrCode')">
                             <a-button size="small" type="text" @click="onShowQr(record)">
                               <QrcodeOutlined />
                             </a-button>
                           </a-tooltip>
-                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.moreInformation') || 'More Information'">
+                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.moreInformation')">
                             <a-button size="small" type="text" @click="onShowInfo(record)">
                               <InfoCircleOutlined />
                             </a-button>
                           </a-tooltip>
-                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic') || 'Reset traffic'">
+                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic')">
                             <a-button size="small" type="text" @click="onResetTraffic(record)">
                               <RetweetOutlined />
                             </a-button>
                           </a-tooltip>
-                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.edit') || 'Edit'">
+                          <a-tooltip :title="t('edit')">
                             <a-button size="small" type="text" @click="onEdit(record)">
                               <EditOutlined />
                             </a-button>
                           </a-tooltip>
-                          <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.delete') || 'Delete'">
+                          <a-tooltip :title="t('delete')">
                             <a-button size="small" type="text" danger @click="onDelete(record)">
                               <DeleteOutlined />
                             </a-button>
@@ -726,7 +719,7 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                     <template #emptyText>
                       <div class="clients-empty">
                         <UserOutlined style="font-size: 32px; margin-bottom: 8px" />
-                        <div>{{ t('pages.clients.empty') || 'No clients yet.' }}</div>
+                        <div>{{ t('pages.clients.empty') }}</div>
                       </div>
                     </template>
                   </a-table>
@@ -736,7 +729,7 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                       <div v-if="filteredClients.length > 0" class="card-bulk-bar">
                         <a-checkbox :checked="allSelected" :indeterminate="someSelected"
                           @change="(e) => selectAll(e.target.checked)">
-                          {{ t('pages.clients.selectAll') || 'Select all' }}
+                          {{ t('pages.clients.selectAll') }}
                         </a-checkbox>
                         <span v-if="selectedRowKeys.length > 0" class="bulk-count">
                           {{ selectedRowKeys.length }}
@@ -745,7 +738,7 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
 
                       <div v-if="filteredClients.length === 0" class="card-empty">
                         <UserOutlined style="font-size: 28px; opacity: 0.5" />
-                        <div>{{ t('pages.clients.empty') || 'No clients yet.' }}</div>
+                        <div>{{ t('pages.clients.empty') }}</div>
                       </div>
 
                       <div v-for="row in filteredClients" :key="row.email" class="client-card"
@@ -762,7 +755,7 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                             {{ t('depletingSoon') }}
                           </a-tag>
                           <div class="card-actions" @click.stop>
-                            <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.moreInformation') || 'Info'">
+                            <a-tooltip :title="t('pages.clients.moreInformation')">
                               <InfoCircleOutlined class="row-action-trigger" @click="onShowInfo(row)" />
                             </a-tooltip>
                             <a-switch :checked="row.enable" size="small" :loading="togglingEmail === row.email"
@@ -772,16 +765,16 @@ const columns = computed(() => [
                               <template #overlay>
                                 <a-menu>
                                   <a-menu-item key="qr" @click="onShowQr(row)">
-                                    <QrcodeOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.qrCode') || 'QR Code' }}
+                                    <QrcodeOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.qrCode') }}
                                   </a-menu-item>
                                   <a-menu-item key="reset" @click="onResetTraffic(row)">
-                                    <RetweetOutlined /> {{ t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic') || 'Reset traffic' }}
+                                    <RetweetOutlined /> {{ t('pages.inbounds.resetTraffic') }}
                                   </a-menu-item>
                                   <a-menu-item key="edit" @click="onEdit(row)">
-                                    <EditOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.edit') || 'Edit' }}
+                                    <EditOutlined /> {{ t('edit') }}
                                   </a-menu-item>
                                   <a-menu-item key="delete" class="danger-item" @click="onDelete(row)">
-                                    <DeleteOutlined /> {{ t('pages.clients.delete') || 'Delete' }}
+                                    <DeleteOutlined /> {{ t('delete') }}
                                   </a-menu-item>
                                 </a-menu>
                               </template>
diff --git a/web/translation/en-US.json b/web/translation/en-US.json
index d969b647..ab4f1bf8 100644
--- a/web/translation/en-US.json
+++ b/web/translation/en-US.json
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
   "search": "Search",
   "filter": "Filter",
   "loading": "Loading...",
+  "refresh": "Refresh",
   "second": "Second",
   "minute": "Minute",
   "hour": "Hour",
@@ -444,12 +445,25 @@
       "delDepleted": "Delete depleted",
       "delDepletedConfirmTitle": "Delete depleted clients?",
       "delDepletedConfirmContent": "Removes every client whose traffic quota is exhausted or whose expiry has passed. This cannot be undone.",
+      "auth": "Auth",
+      "hysteriaAuth": "Hysteria Auth",
+      "uuid": "UUID",
+      "flow": "Flow",
+      "reverseTag": "Reverse tag",
+      "reverseTagPlaceholder": "Optional reverse tag",
+      "telegramId": "Telegram user ID",
+      "telegramIdPlaceholder": "Numeric Telegram user ID (0 = none)",
+      "created": "Created",
+      "updated": "Updated",
+      "ipLimit": "IP limit",
       "toasts": {
         "deleted": "Client deleted",
         "trafficReset": "Traffic reset",
         "allTrafficsReset": "All client traffic reset",
         "bulkDeleted": "{count} clients deleted",
+        "bulkDeletedMixed": "{ok} deleted, {failed} failed",
         "bulkCreated": "{count} clients created",
+        "bulkCreatedMixed": "{ok} created, {failed} failed",
         "delDepleted": "{count} depleted clients deleted"
       }
     },